Cosmic radiation that humans will face on Mars.

What dangers will the first humans to set foot on the red planet have to face? because when they are there they will not be able to receive physical help from Earth, if someone becomes seriously ill or suffers an accident or there is a failure in the base, they will have to solve everything, any mission would take, in the best of cases, several months to arrive, even if we had nuclear fusion engines it would take at least a month. They could only receive messages of consolation, advice, do this if it goes well, but they will be the ones who will have to operate the machinery, the tools or the operating room to save their companions, at least a month if Mars is in the correct position, because if it is not, things become much more complicated, since the red planet can be located more than 400 million kilometers from Earth at its maximum distance record and a month is a technology that is going to take a while, fusion engines. Nuclear weapons may be around in the 1940s, at best they say there will be tests in the 1930s, but I'm not very sure.

There is another very big problem and it is the cosmic and solar radiation on Mars, in the image it is not snow, it is the radiation particles that collide with the Curiosity camera during a solar storm that hit Mars in 2024, when the particles reach the camera sensor they produce those flashes, but humans would also see those flashes, that is called the phosphene effect, they are flashes of light, literally, a product of radiation, they would be seen even with our eyes closed, although closing our eyes, You would see those flashes inside your eye, this is because high-energy cosmic particles, such as protons and heavy ions, impact the retina or optic nerve and would generate those electrical signals that the brain would interpret as light, like a flash of light. This image is from May 2024 from the Robert Curiosity, in fact, the calculation during that solar storm, if an astronaut had been on Mars with the Rober at that time, they would have received a radiation dose of 8100 microgray (µGy), equivalent to 30 chest x-rays, it is not a deadly level, but it is a dose that is already worrying, the good thing is that coronal mass ejections, which are what cause storms Suns like this one that we are seeing in the image can be predicted days in advance, in fact, for the Martian orbit yes, for the Earth we can predict it approximately two days in advance, if it is fast with one, if it is slow with three, that is the margin, on Mars which is further away it can be predicted with more time.

So the cities on Mars would be more similar to the above, there are caves on Mars, the Martian volcanoes are the largest in the solar system and the stability of the Martian crust is much greater than that of the Earth, keep in mind that most of the Earth's surface is less than 400 or 500 million years old, because it is regenerated, it is renewed, the mountains are on average about 40, 50 million years old, they are relatively young and except for some areas like In Venezuela, the cratons, there is a quite important kraton in Venezuela or in Greenland, practically the only thing that has been altered is the eruption of huge volcanoes that it has, but they have also been stopped for a long time. This does not mean that there is no liquid water inside Mars, there are layers of liquid water under the Martian surface due to the internal heat, but volcanoes, volcanic activity and on that large scale that Mars had cause lava tubes, for example, which are structures like the image and can be this huge and the Moon is estimated to have already found lava tubes of more than 50 km and 50 to 100 m wide, but it is estimated that there may be lava tubes not very deep with several kilometers of width, not length, width. On Tuesday they have found cracks and entrances to lava tubes, but the subject is much less studied, but obviously if a large lava tube were found and it was close to a water ice deposit, it would be the perfect place to establish a human base, it would be the ideal place.

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