#nephrology

In the majority of cases, the prognosis of hypokalemia is benign. As soon as the potassium concentration in the plasma is restored, and the problem which caused it corrected, the hypokalemia usually does

In order to develop hyponatremia, you have to have increased ADH in the body and an increased water intake. Volume depletion is a trigger for ADH secretion.

Hyponatremia can cause all the issues showed in the figure. It needs to be addressed and treated promptly

The election of a treatment for hypokalemia depends on what caused it. In most cases, hypokalemia is multifactorial, meaning that several causes can be present at the same time. When hypokalemia is caused

Hypokalemia is diagnosed by reading the report of the electrolyte panel which is done in nearly all patients who have blood tests done in the hospital or in the outpatient setting. Any value of serum potassium

The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) measures the percentage of sodium which is actually excreted through the urine over the total sodium originally filtrated by the kidney. The majority of the sodium

The signs and symptoms of hypokalemia vary from being totally subclinical to death from a serious arrhythmia. The great majority of the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia are neuromuscular in nature. The

When a person develops hypokalemia there are changes in how fast the nerves and muscle fibers are able to conduct electrical impulses. The normal concentration of potassium in the plasma oscillates between

Hypokalemia is a very common electrolyte disorder. Between 4 and 5 % of all hospitalized patients have clinically significant hypokalemia1, which is defined by a serum potassium concentration of less than

Hyponatremia is the same as water intoxication.

We have been consuming salt, which is the indispensable taste of meals and tables, since our childhood. We all know that consuming too much salt is harmful. Image What kind of damage do you have? Excess

B. Decreased Potassium Intake A minimum potassium intake is required to maintain the equilibrium with daily lost potassium. Normal urinary and digestive excretion contain always a minimum amount of potassium

As it has been demonstrated in the previous posts of this series, hyponatremia can be caused by multiple pathophysiological processes. It is the expertise of the internist and the nephrologist to determine

Before knowing the early signs of Kidney failure,you need to have an idea of the kidney and its important. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist.They are located just below

Okay so I came across this really interesting patho-physiologic relation between chronic fat malabsorption and renal stones which I'm going to talk about in this post. (image from google) First of all,

Epidemiological survey report shows that the overall incidence of chronic kidney disease is 10.8%, that is, one out of every 10 people suffering from kidney disease. Even more frightening is that most

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the presence of >10^5 microorganisms/ml of urine in the urinary tract in a midstream sample of urine. image from bing UTIs are quite common worldwide, but