, we decided for reasons of self interest to divest ourselves of the Philippines before local leaders wanted full independence, under conditions (world depression and looming war) which bid fair to destroy

This is perhaps not surprising given the economic situation of this Western group and their historical tradition of political activism (this group was integral in the formation of the early California

The Filipinos organized a government of their own, wrote their constitution, and established a government with a president, a congress, and a judiciary. While that government already existed in fact,39

44For exploring and analyzing the data collected from the ethnographic research, I used power theories for ontological reflection, a theology of power for critical evaluation, and diaspora missiology for

During this period, more immigrants came from the Philippines than from any other country except Mexico. They constituted the largest among the Asian groups, more numerous than the Chinese and the Japanese.

Racial tensions existed among native Filipinos, called indios; those Spaniards born in the Philippines, called insulares; those Spaniards born in Spain, called peninsulares; and those of mixed races, the

They kept faith and waited anxiously for the day when the country would have leaders brave and bold enough to break away from the onerous special relationship with America. Paradoxically, it seemed such

3 TWO SMOKING BARRELS At the vanguard of the People Power Revolution that toppled Ferdinand Marcos was the spiritual leader of Filipino Catholics, the late Archbishop of Manila, wickedly named Cardinal

Wealthy landowners decided that some things were more important than independence, and threw their support to the Yankees. When America passed a law that any Filipino who continued to resist would be

On August 13, 1898, the mock battle of Manila was staged by the U.S. imperialists and the Spanish colonialists. After a few token shots were fired, the latter surrendered to the former. The U.S. imperialists

CHAPTER 4The Big DivideDifferences Hindering UnityCensus studies of Filipino immigration to the U.S. usually describe three “waves” or influxes of arrivals, evoking an image of a relentless, unstoppable

The next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department, and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of the United States, and there they are, and there they will stay while I am President!”

In Hong Kong, Yankee agents struck a secret deal with Aguinaldo, returned him to the islands, and supplied him with weapons. They carefully avoided putting any commitments in writing. While Aguinaldo resumed

10Holding Geny in a military prison cell in Manila was one way that Marcos kept Lopez at bay. Yet even after Geny escaped to the United States in 1977 (as will be described later), Marcos still feared

Although early chronicles allude to slavery, early servitude was more in the nature of service in exchange for gratitude and protection than indentured slavery." Pre-Hispanic Philippine religion was

Most Americans, and especially those who were in a position to alter the course of history, had allowed themselves to be deluded by their own subterfuges in holding on to the Philippines, belaboring the

But merchants were not the only Chinese attracted to the islands.In 1574, three years after the Spanish moved their base from Cebu to Manila Bay, a squadron of Chinese corsairs — sixty-four war junks and

Though these natives could afford college education, they were still the object of racial discrimination by their Spanish classmates and friar mentors. They had to suffer the epithet of “monkey” as their

As of 2016, according to the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), Filipino immigrants in the States (1,942,000) rank fourth in number, surpassed by Mexico (11,575,000), India (2,435,000), and China

Filipinos "filipinized" Christianity and Islam and blended them with their indigenous rituals and practices.' In towns where were founded "new" churches, such as the Philippine Independent