7.. ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ : ๊ณตํต๋๊ฒ๋คThe Public Realm: The Common
"๊ณต์ ์ธ"์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ฒ ์๋ก-๊ด๊ณ๋์์ง๋ง ํจ๊ป ๋์ผ์ ์ฒดํ๋์ง๋ ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ๊ธฐํธํํ๋ค(122)The term "public" signifies two closely interrelated but not altogether identical phenomena:
์ด ์ฉ์ด๋ ์ฒซ์งธ๋ก, ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ๋, ํ์๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๊ณ ๋ค๋ ค์ง๋ ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค ๊ณง ํ์์ด ์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ์ปจ์คํฐํํธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๋-ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฐํ์ด์ฆ๋์ง ์๋ํ, ๋-์ธ๋๋น๋์ผ๋ผ์ด์ฆ๋์ง ์๋ํ, ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ์์ ๋ง๊ฒ๋ ๊น๋ง์ถค๋๋๋ก ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋์ง ์๋ํ, ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์์ ์๊ฐ๋ค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํํฌ๋ค, ๊ณง ์น๋ฐํ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์ปค๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ฅ๋ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋ ์ผ์ ์น์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์์ง ์ด๋ค ์ค์กด์ ๊ทธ์น๊ณ ๋ง๋ค... ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ํ์๋ค์ ํ์ ์ด, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฃ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ํ์ ์ด, ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค์ค๋ก๋ค์ ์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กํ์ฌ๊ธ ํ์ ์ผํ๋ค. ๊ทผ๋์ ์ผ์ด๋จ ์ด์ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ ํด ์ด์ ์๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์๋ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ด๋ชจ์ ๋ค ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋๋๋ค์ ์ ์ผ์ ์ธ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ปค๋ค๋๊ฒ ๊ฐํํ๊ณ ํ์๋กญ๊ฒ ํ ๋ฏ ํ๋ค(122~ 123)It means, first, that everything that appears in public can be seen and heard by everybody and has the widest possible publicity. For us, appearanceโ something that is being seen and heard by others as well as by ourselvesโ constitutes reality. Compared with the reality which comes from being seen and heard, even the greatest forces of intimate lifeโ the passions of the heart, the thoughts of the mind, the delights of the sensesโ lead an uncertain, shadowy kind of existence unless and until they are transformed, deprivatized and deindividualized, as it were, into a shape to fit them for public appearance.์์ฃผ41 The most current of such transformations occurs in storytelling and generally in artistic transposition of individual experiences. But we do not need the form of the artist to witness this transfiguration. Each time we talk about things that can be experienced only in privacy or intimacy, we bring them out into a sphere where they will assume a kind of reality which, their intensity notwithstanding, they never could have had before. The presence of others who see what we see and hear what we hear assures us of the reality of the world and ourselves, and while the intimacy of a fully developed private life, such as had never been known before the rise of the modern age and the concomitant decline of the public realm, will always greatly intensify and enrich the whole scale of subjective emotions and private feelings, this intensification will always come to pass at the expense of the assurance of the reality of the world and men.
์์ฃผ41. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ํ "์ด์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ๋ ธ์์ ์ด๋ค ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ธ๋ก ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ"์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊น๋ญ์ด๋ค... "๊ทธ๋ค์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ฐ ์ ๋ช ์์ํฅํด์ ์ถํํ ๋๊น์ง, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์์ง ์ ํ๋ค๋ก ๋จ๋๋ค"(122)This is also the reason why it is impossible "to write a character sketch of any slave who lived.... Until they emerge into freedom and notoriety, they remain shadowy types rather than persons"(Barrow, Slavery in the Reman Empire, p. 156).
์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ์ํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋์ ํ์์ ์ข ์๋๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ์ค์กด์ ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ ํ์ํ๋ ๊ณณ์ธ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ค์กด์ ์ข ์๋๋ค... ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ ์น๋ฐํ ์๋ช ์ถ๋ค์ ๋น์ถ๋ ์ฌ๋ช ์กฐ์ฐจ๋ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ๋๋ง์ด ๋๊ฐํนํ ๋น์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ๋์ณ๋์จ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฅ๋ฉด ์์์ ํ์๋ค์ ํญ์์ ์ธ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋น์ ๊ฒฌ๋์ง๋ชปํ๋... ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ค(124)Since our feeling for reality depends utterly upon appearance and therefore upon the existence of a public realm into which things can appear out of the darkness of sheltered existence, even the twilight which illuminates our private and intimate lives is ultimately derived from the much harsher light of the public realm. Yet there are a great many things which cannot withstand the implacable, bright light of the constant presence of others on the public scene; there, only what is considered to be relevant, worthy of being seen or heard, can be tolerated, so that the irrelevant becomes automatically a private matter.
์์ฃผ43. ๊ณ ํต์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํด๋นํ๋ ํค๋๋์ฆ(์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ฃผ์) ๋ฐ ์ผ์์ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ(๊ด๋ฅ์ฃผ์)์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ณ์ด๋ค์ ๋ํด์๋ 15์ฅ ๋ฐ 43์ฅ์ ๋ณด๋ผ... ๊ดดํ ๋ ์ธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ "ํ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๋ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค(123~ 124)On the subjectivity of pain and its relevance for all variations of hedonism and sensualism, see ยงยง15 and 43. For the living, death is primarily dis-appearance. But unlike pain, there is one aspect of death in which it is as though death appeared among the living, and that is in old age. Goethe once remarked that growing old is "gradually receding from appearance"(stufeniveises Zuriicktreten aus der Erscheinung); the truth of this remark as well as the actual appearance of this process of disappearing becomes quite tangible in the old-age self-portraits of the great mastersโ Rembrandt, Leonardo, etc.โ in which the intensity of the eyes seems to illuminate and preside over the receding flesh.
"์์๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค"์ ๋ํ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ์ฑ์... ํ๋์ค ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ์ํฐํธ ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฅด(์์ ํ๋ณต)์์ ๊ทธ ๊ณ ์ ์ ์ธ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค... ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ๊ณง ๊ณง ์ฃผ์ ์ฑ์ ํ๋๋... ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ด ์์ ํ ํํดํด๋ฒ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๋ํจ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ฆ๊ณณ์์ ์ค์ณ๋๋ค(125)Modern enchantment with "small things," though preached by early twentieth-century poetry in almost all European tongues, has found its classical presentation in the petit bonheur of the French people. Since the decay of their once great and glorious public realm, the French have become masters in the art of being happy among "small things," within the space of their own four walls, between chest and bed, table and chair, dog and cat and flowerpot, extending to these things a care and tenderness which, in a world where rapid industrialization constantly kills off the things of yesterday to produce today's objects, may even appear to be the world's last, purely humane corner. This enlargement of the private, the enchantment, as it were, of a whole people, does not make it public, does not constitute a public realm, but, on the contrary, means only that the public realm has almost completely receded, so that greatness has given way to charm everywhere; for while the public realm may be great, it cannot be charming precisely because it is unable to harbor the irrelevant.
๋์งธ๋ก, "๊ณต์ ์ธ'์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ทธ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํธํํ๋ค. ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ๊ณตํต๋๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ฆฌ๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ์ธ๊ณ๋, ์ง๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ๊ณผ ๋์ผ์ ์ฒด์ํด์๋ ์๋๋ค. ์ง๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ํ์ด๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด๋์ ์ํ ์ ํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ๋ ์คํ๋ ค ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ๊ณต์ฒด ๊ณง ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ค์ ์ ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋๋ค(125)Second, the term "public" signifies the world itself, in so far as it is common to all of us and distinguished from our privately owned place in it. This world, however, is not identical with the earth or with nature, as the limited space for the movement of men and the general condition of organic life. It is related, rather, to the human artifact, the fabrication of human hands, as well as to affairs which go on among those who inhabit the man-made world together. To live together in the world means essentially that a world of things is between those who have it in common, as a table is located between those who sit around it; the world, like every in-between, relates and separates men at the same time.
๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก์จ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๋ชจ์์ฃผ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์๋ค ๋์ด๋ก ์ค์ํ์ง ์๊ฒ๋ ๋ง๋๋ค. ๋์ค์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋ฐ๋, ์ชฝ์๊ฐ ๋ง์์ ๋๋ฌธ์ด ์๋๋ผ, (์ฌ๊ธฐ์์๋) ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ชจ์์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ด๊ณ๋งบ๊ฒํ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฆฌํด์ฃผ๋ ์์ฒด์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค(125)The public realm, as the common world, gathers us together and yet prevents our falling over each other, so to speak. What makes mass society so difficult to bear is not the number of people involved, or at least not primarily, but the fact that the world between them has lost its power to gather them together, to relate and to separate them.
๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์์ ๋ค์ ์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ํด์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ด๊ณ์ํค๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ํค๋ ๋๋๋ค์ ๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ค ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ช ๋ ๋จ ํ๋์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค(๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ข ๊ต์ด๋ค)(126)Historically, we know of only one principle that was ever devised to keep a community of people together who had lost their interest in the common world and felt themselves no longer related and separated by it. To find a bond between people strong enough to replace the world was the main political task of early Christian philosophy, and it was Augustine who proposed to found not only the Christian "brotherhood" but all human relationships on charity. But this charity, though its worldlessness clearly corresponds to the general human experience of love, is at the same time clearly distinguished from it in being something which, like the world, is between men: "Even robbers have between them [Inter se] what they call charity." This surprising illustration of the Christian political principle is in fact very well chosen, because the bond of charity between people, while it is incapable of founding a public realm of its own, is quite adequate to the main Christian principle of worldlessness and is admirably fit to carry a group of essentially worldless people through the world, a group of saints or a group of criminals, provided only it is understood that the world itself is doomed and that every activity in it is undertaken with the proviso quamdiu mundus durat("as long as the world lasts").์์ฃผ46 The unpolitical, non-public character of the Christian community was early defined in the demand that it should form a corpus, a "body," whose members were to be related to each other like brothers of the same family.46 The structure of communal life was modeled on the relationships between the members of a family because these were known to be non-political and even antipolitical. A public realm had never come into being between the members of a family, and it was therefore not likely to develop from Christian community life if this life was ruled by the principle of charity and nothing else. Even then, as we know from the history and the rules of the monastic ordersโ the only communities in which the principle of charity as a political device was ever triedโ the danger that the activities undertaken under "the necessity of present life"(necessitas vitaepraesentis)47 would lead by themselves, because they were performed in the presence of others, to the establishment of a kind of counterworld, a public realm within the orders themselves, was great enough to require additional rules and regulations, the most relevant one in our context being the prohibition of excellence and its subsequent pride.48
์์ฃผ46. ์ฝ๋ฅดํธ์ค ๋ ์ด ํธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด์ด(๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์ก์ฒด)๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์-๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต ๋ผํด์ด ์์์ ํต์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ด๋ค ์ ์น์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ, ๊ณง ์ด๋ค ๋ ์ค ํธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ๋ญ์ชฝ์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฉ์ด์ธ ์๋ง(์ก์ฒด)๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์-๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์ผ์ค๋ก ์ฐ์ด์ง ์์๋ค... ๋ฐ์ธ์ [์ฝ๋ฆฐํธ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ํธ์ง ์๋ถ๋ถ] 12์ฅ 12~ 27์ ์์ ์ฒ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ... ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ๋์ ์ก์ฒด์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ์ ํ ์ค์ธ ์ ์น์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์๋ค... ์ด๊ธฐ ์ง์์ด๋ค์ด ์ ์ผ์ฒด๋ก์จ์ ๋ชธ์ฒด์ ์ฐ๋น์ ์ํด์ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ํ๋ฑํ๊ฒ ํ์์๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๋, ํ๋ฑํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ๋์ค์๋ ๊ฐ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ฐ๋๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด, ์ฐ๋๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๋ณต์ข ํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํฅํด ์ด๋ํ๋ค(127)The term corpus rei publicae is current in pre-Christian Latin, but has the connotation of the population inhabiting a res publica, a given political realm. The corresponding Greek term soma is never used in pre-Christian Greek in a political sense. The metaphor seems to occur for the first time in Paul(I Cor. 12: 12-27) and is current in all early Christian writers(see, for instance, Tertullian Apologeticus 39, or Ambrosius De ojficiis ministrorum iii. 3. 17). It became of the greatest importance for medieval political theory, which unanimously assumed that all men were quasi unum corpus(Aquinas op. cit. ii. 1. 81. 1). But while the early writers stressed the equality of the members, which are all equally necessary for the well-being of the body as a whole, the emphasis later shifted to the difference between the head and the members, to the duty of the head to rule and of the members to obey.(For the Middle Ages, see Anton-Hermann Chroust, "The Corporate Idea in the Middle Ages," Review of Politics, Vol. VIII [1947].)
๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ค์กด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ด๋ค ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์ํฅํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋-์ํ์ค๋๋ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค... ์ธ๊ณ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ด์ผ๋งํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ํธ๋์ค์ผ๋ํธํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค(128)Only the existence of a public realm and the world's subsequent transformation into a community of things which gathers men together and relates them to each other depends entirely on permanence. If the world is to contain a public space, it cannot be erected for one generation and planned for the living only; it must transcend the life-span of mortal men.
์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ง์์ ์ฃฝ์ง์์์ ํฅํ ์ด๋ฌํ ํธ๋์ค์ผ๋์ค์์ด๋, ์ด๋ ํ ์ ์น๋, ์ด๋ ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋, ์ด๋ ํ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค... ๊ณตํต๋ ์ด๋ค ์ธ๊ณ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค... ๊ทผ๋ ์์์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆผ์ ์ฃฝ์ง์์์ ๋ํ ์ง์ ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ์ฆ๋ช ๋๋ค(129)Without this transcendence into a potential earthly immortality, no politics, strictly speaking, no common world and no public realm, is possible. For unlike the common good as Christianity understood itโ the salvation of one's soul as a concern common to allโ the common world is what we enter when we are born and what we leave behind when we die. It transcends our lifespan into past and future alike; it was there before we came and will outlast our brief sojourn in it. It is what we have in common not only with those who live with us, but also with those who were here before and with those who will come after us. But such a common world can survive the coming and going of the generations only to the extent that it appears in public. It is the publicity of the public realm which can absorb and make shine through the centuries whatever men may want to save from the natural ruin of time. Through many ages before usโ but now not any moreโ men entered the public realm because they wanted something of their own or something they had in common with others to be more permanent than their earthly lives.(Thus, the curse of slavery consisted not only in being deprived of freedom and of visibility, but also in the fear of these obscure people themselves "that from being obscure they should pass away leaving no trace that they have existed.")49 There is perhaps no clearer testimony to the loss of the public realm in the modern age than the almost complete loss of authentic concern with immortality, a loss somewhat overshadowed by the simultaneous loss of the metaphysical concern with eternity.
๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ ์ค ํธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด(๊ณตํ๊ตญ)๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผํ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ํ์ฐฎ์์ ๋ง์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ณด์ฆ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์๋งํด ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฐฎ์์ ๋ง์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์ง์์์ ์๋์ง๋ง, ์ฃฝ์ด์ผ๋งํ๋์ด๋ค์ ์ํด ์๋์ ์ธ ์์์ฑ์ ์๋นํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค(129~ 130)For the polis was for the Greeks, as the res publica was for the Romans, first of all their guarantee against the futility of individual life, the space protected against this futility and reserved for the relative permanence, if not immortality, of mortals.
๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ด์ ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฉด๋ค์ ๋์์ ์ธ ํ์ ์ ์์กดํ๋ค. ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธก์ ๋๋ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ๋ช ๋ ์ ์๋ค... ๊ตญ๋ฉด๋ค์ ์ด๋ค ๋ค์์ฑ ์์์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋์ผ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๊ฟ์์ด ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ๋ง์์ด๋ค์ ์ํด์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ง ์ ์๋ ์ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ณณ์์๋ง์ด, ๊ทธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ค ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๋ชจ์์ง ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ทน๋์ ๋ค์์ฑ ์์์๋ ๋์ผํจ์ ๋ณธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ ์ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ณณ์์๋ง์ด, ์ธ๊ณ์์์ ์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ์ฐธ๋ต๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ์๋งํ๊ฒ ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค(131)As distinguished from this "objectivity," whose only basis is money as a common denominator for the fulfilment of all needs, the reality of the public realm relies on the simultaneous presence of innumerable perspectives and aspects in which the common world presents itself and for which no common measurement or denominator can ever be devised. For though the common world is the common meeting ground of all, those who are present have different locations in it, and the location of one can no more coincide with the location of another than the location of two objects. Being seen and being heard by others derive their significance from the fact that everybody sees and hears from a different position. This is the meaning of public life, compared to which even the richest and most satisfying family life can offer only the prolongation or multiplication of one's own position with its attending aspects and perspectives. The subjectivity of privacy can be prolonged and multiplied in a family, it can even become so strong that its weight is felt in the public realm; but this family "world" can never replace the reality rising out of the sum total of aspects presented by one object to a multitude of spectators. Only where things can be seen by many in a variety of aspects without changing their identity, so that those who are gathered around them know they see sameness in utter diversity, can worldly reality truly and reliably appear.
๊ณตํต๋ ์ด๋ค ์ธ๊ณ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ํ๋ค ์๋์์, ์ค์ฌํ์ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ปจ์คํฐํํธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ "๊ณตํต๋ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ"์ ์ํด์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ, ์์น์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ด์ ๋ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์ํจ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฆ์ด๋ค์ด ๋์ ๋์ผํ ์ค๋ธ์ ํธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ํด์, 1์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฆ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ์ค๋ธ์ ํธ์ ๋์ผํจ์ด ๋ ์ด์ ์๋ณ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ค๋ฉด, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ๋ ๋์ค์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ์ ์ด์ง์์ ์์์ฃผ์๋ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํด์ง๊ณ , ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ ํ๊ดด๋๋ค. ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ํ๊ดด๋ณด๋ค ์์ ๋ณดํต์, ์จ๊ทธ์์์ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฟ๋จ์ ํฅํด ํ์ ํ๋, ๋ง์ ๊ตญ๋ฉด๋ค์ ํ๊ดด๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค... (์ด๋) ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์์ ํ ์ฌ์ ์ด ๋๋ค, ๊ณง ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋-ํ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋นํ๊ณ , ํ์๋ค ๋ํ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋-ํ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋นํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฐ ๋จ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฑ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค, ๋์ผํ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์ ์์์ด ๋ค์คํ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๋, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐํ์ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ค์ง ํ๋์ ๊ตญ๋ฉด ์๋์์ ๋ณด๋๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ค์ง ํ๋์ ๊ด์ ์์์๋ง ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ๋๋ก ์ฅ์ ๋ ๋ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ ๋์ฅ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค(131~132)Under the conditions of a common world, reality is not guaranteed primarily by the "common nature" of all men who constitute it, but rather by the fact that, differences of position and the resulting variety of perspectives notwithstanding, everybody is always concerned with the same object. If the sameness of the object can no longer be discerned, no common nature of men, least of all the unnatural conformism of a mass society, can prevent the destruction of the common world, which is usually preceded by the destruction of the many aspects in which it presents itself to human plurality. This can happen under conditions of radical isolation, where nobody can any longer agree with anybody else, as is usually the case in tyrannies. But it may also happen under conditions of mass society or mass hysteria, where we see all people suddenly behave as though they were members of one family, each multiplying and prolonging the perspective of his neighbor. In both instances, men have become entirely private, that is, they have been deprived of seeing and hearing others, of being seen and being heard by them. They are all imprisoned in the subjectivity of their own singular experience, which does not cease to be singular if the same experience is multiplied innumerable times. The end of the common world has come when it is seen only under one aspect and is permitted to present itself in only one perspective.
โ ์ด๋ ๊ฒํด์ 2๋ถ 7์ฅ์ด ๋๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ ๊ทผ๋์์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์์ฃผ ์ฌํํ์ต๋๋ค. ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค= ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์์ผ๋๊น์. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋๋ก ๋ค์ด์ค๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ , ๋ค์์ด๊ณ , ํ๋ฆฟํด์ง๊ณ ์ ์ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ์ญ์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋๊ณ , ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๋ ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์ฃ๋ค ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค.๊ทธ๋์ ์๋ ํธ๊ฐ ์๊พธ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ , ์ง์ํ๊ฒ ํํค์น๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.๊ทผ๋์ ๋ค์ด์๋ฉด, ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ณํด์ ์ธ์ํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ํธ๋ ๋งํฉ๋๋ค. ์ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ์ต๋๋ค. Cํฌ๋ฉง์ ์ฐ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋๋์ฑ ํค๊น๋ฆฝ๋๋ค. ํนํ APRํฌ๋ฉง์ ์ด ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ์ด๊ฒ ๋ฌด์จ ๋ ๋ฒผ๋ฝ! ์ด๋ด ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ(ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ)๊ณผ ํ์ฐ์คํ๋๋ก ๋น์ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ด์์๋ ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ผ์ค์ ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ค์๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ์ฐ์คํ๋ ์์์ ์ ๋์ง๋ฐฐ์๋ก์จ ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํด์๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฅ ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ค์๊ฒ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ์ด์ ์ถํ์ ์์ ๋ ๋ฒผ๋ฝ ๊ทธ์์ฒด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.์ฌํ์ ์ถํ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์ง์ ๋ค(109)๊ณ ๋์ธ๋ค์ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค(110)์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๊ณ(111)์๋ก ์ถํํ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ค(112)์ ๋ถํต์น์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ํํ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฃํต์น์ด๋ค(112)์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ๊ณผ ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํด๊ฐ ๋๋๋งํผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ค ์์ํฅํด ํก์๋์๋ค(112)๋ชจ๋ ์ฌํ๋ค ์์ ๋ด์ฌํ๋ ์์์ฃผ์ ๊ณง ์ฌํ์ ํ์คํ ์๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋จ๊ณ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ค(112)๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ํ์ด๋จ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค(113)์ฌํ๋ผ๋ ์ด ์๋ก์ด ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ฐ๋์ ํน์ง๋ค ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋๋, ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ค๋๋ ๊ถ์ญ๋ค์ ๋จน์ด์น์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ ํญ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด๋ค(117)(๊ทผ๋์ธ๊ณ์์๋) ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ปจ์คํฐํํธํ๋ค(118)์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์งง์ ์๊ฐ ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ค์ ๋ ธ๋์๋ค ๋ฐ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌํ๋ค๋ก ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ์์ผฐ๋ค(118)์ฌํ๋ ๋จ์ง ์ด๊ธฐ์ํ ์ํธ์ข ์๋ง๊ณ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ์ฌ์ฅํจ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ณณ์ด ๋๊ณ , ์์กด์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๊พธ๋ฐ์๋ ํ๋๋ค๋ง์ด ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๊ฒ๋ ํ๋ฝ๋ ๊ณณ์ด ๋๋ค(118~ 119)์ฌํ์ ๋ง์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํญ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅ์ค์ธ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ๋ง์, ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ๋ฐ ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์... ์ค์ค๋ก๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ ์ญ๋์ด ์์์ด ์ฆ๋ช ๋์๋ค(119)(๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ) ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์... ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ํ๊ณผ ํ์ํจ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์น์ง์๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค... ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ญ๋์... ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ์ด ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์คํผ์ด ์์ํฅํด ๋ด๋ชฐ์๋ค(121)๋ ธ์์ ๋ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฎ์ณค์ ๋, ์ ์ฐ์ค๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ์ํจ(์๋ ํ )์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ผ๋ก ์ทจํด๊ฐ๋ค(121)์จ์์ ๋ค์ํ๋ฒ ๋ ์ธ์ฉํ ๊ธํ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ทผ๋์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก์ด ํ์์ธ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ถํ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ "๋ ธ์์ ๋ , ์์์ฃผ์, ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํด์ฒด, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ, ๋์ค์ฌํ" ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ฐํ์ํํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ถํ ํ์, ์ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ "์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค", "์์ ํ๋ณต", "์ฃผ์ ์ฑ"์ผ๋ก ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋๊ณ , ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ์ ์ก์๋จนํ, ์ข ์๋, ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋, ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ ๋ถํต์น ์์ญ(๋ง์นจ๋ด๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ํด์ ๊ด๋ฃํต์น ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด์ฃผ์๋ก ๊ดด๋ฌผํํ )์ผ๋ก ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.