6.. ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ผ์ด๋จThe Rise of the Social
ํ์ฐ์คํ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์์ง ๋ด๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด์ ๋น ์์ํฅํ ํ์ฐ์คํคํ(๊ฐ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒฝ์)์ ์ผ์ด๋จ ๊ณง ์ฌํ์ ์ถํ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผ ๋ฐ ์๋ฏผ์ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ํฅํด ๊ฐ์ก๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์๋ฏธ์ฌ์ฅํจ ๋ฐ ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๊ดํ ์ธ์๋ง์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค... ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ด๋์จ(์ด๋ค์ด์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ) ๊ณง ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)์ ์ฒ ์๊ทธ๋๋ก "์ด๋์คํฑ(๋ฐ๋ณด์ค๋ฌ์ด๊ฒ)์ด์๊ณ , ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)๋ ๋ ์ค ํธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ํผ๋์ฒ์์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค; ์ค๋๋ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)๋... ๊ทผ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ด๋ค ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์๋ ํน์ ํ ๋ง์๊ฒน๋ค๊ณผ ๋ค์ํจ์ ์ง๋๋... ์น๋ฐํจ์ ์ด๋ค ์คํผ์ด๊ฐ ๋์๋ค(109)The emergence of societyโ the rise of housekeeping, its activities, problems, and organizational devicesโ from the shadowy interior of the household into the light of the public sphere, has not only blurred the old borderline between private and political, it has also changed almost beyond recognition the meaning of the two terms and their significance for the life of the individual and the citizen. Not only would we not agree with the Greeks that a life spent in the privacy of "one's own"(idion), outside the world of the common, is "idiotic" by definition, or with the Romans to whom privacy offered but a temporary refuge from the business of the res publica; we call private today a sphere of intimacy whose beginnings we may be able to trace back to late Roman, though hardly to any period of Greek antiquity, but whose peculiar manifoldness and variety were certainly unknown to any period prior to the modern age.
๊ณ ๋์ ์ธ ๋๋ ์์์ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)์ ํ์ง์ 'ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฐํฐ๋ธ'๋ผ๋ ๋ฑ๋ง ๊ทธ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ฏ์ด, ์ฒ ์๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๊ฑฐ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋-ํ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋(๋นผ์๊ธด) ์ด๋ค ์ํ์ ๋ถ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ญ๋๋ค ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฒ์ ๋-ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์ (๋นผ์๊น)์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ์๋ช ์ถ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ค ์ฌ๋, ๋ ธ์์ฒ๋ผ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ๋ค์ด์ด์ ํ๋ฝ๋ฐ์ง๋ชปํ ์ฌ๋, ์ผ๋ง์ธ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ด๋ค ๊ถ์ญ์ ์๋ฆฝํ ์ ์๊ฒ๋ ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์๋์๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ ์ค๋๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)๋ผ๋ ๋ฑ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋, 1์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋-ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด์ (๋นผ์๊น)์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด... (๋์ ์) ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์(์ฌ์ ์)์... ์ ์น์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ํฅํด์ ๋งํผ์ด๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ํฅํด์๋ ๋ ์นด๋กญ๊ฒ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ธ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค(109~110)In ancient feeling the privative trait of privacy, indicated in the word itself, was all-important; it meant literally a state of being deprived of something, and even of the highest and most human of man's capacities. A man who lived only a private life, who like the slave was not permitted to enter the public realm, or like the barbarian had chosen not to establish such a realm, was not fully human. We no longer think primarily of deprivation when we use the word "privacy," and this is partly due to the enormous enrichment of the private sphere through modern individualism. However, it seems even more important that modern privacy is at least as sharply opposed to the social realmโ unknown to the ancients who considered its content a private matter-โ as it is to the political, properly speaking. The decisive historical fact is that modern privacy in its most relevant function, to shelter the intimate, was discovered as the opposite not of the political sphere but of the social, to which it is therefore more closely and authentically related.
(๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ๊ณง) ์น๋ฐํจ(์ ์คํผ์ด)์ ์ฒ์ ๋ถ์ ํํด๋ธ ํ๊ตฌ์์ด์ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ํ์ฅ๋ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ฅ ์ํฌ ๋ฃจ์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ต์์ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ค ๋ฐ๋์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฐธ์์์์ด ๋ณํํ์ํค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง๋ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ์ง ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ๋ด์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ (๊ตฌ์ญ)๊น์ง ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์นจํฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฐ๋์ด์๋ค... ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๋์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋ค, ๊ทธ์ ์ฌํ ์์์๋ ๋๋ ๋ฐ์์๋ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํจ, ๊ทธ์ ๋ณํ๋ฌด์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ค ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ชจ์ ๋ํ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ธ์ง์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ด์ฃผ์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐ๋ ์์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค... ๋ฃจ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ ์ฑ์ ์์ฌํ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ค. 18์ธ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ 1860~ 70๋ ์ดํ๊น์ง ๋๋๋งํผ (์ฌ์ ์ธ ์น๋ฐํจ์) ์์ ์์ ์ด ๊ฝํผ์ ๊ณ , ๋์์ ํนํ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ์, ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์์ ์ ํ์ ํ ์ ํด๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ธํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์์ ๋ญ๋ง์ฃผ์์๋ค์ ์ฌํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ... ์ค๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌํ๋ค ์์ ๋ด์ฌํ๋ ์์์ฃผ์ ๊ณง ์ฌํ์ ํ์คํ ์๊ตฌ๋ค(๋ค์์์ ํฐ๋๋)์ ๋ฐํญํ๋ค... ์๋ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ด ํ๋์ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋ ํ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค... ์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ๊ณผ ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํด๊ฐ ๋๋๋งํผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ค ์์ํฅํด ํก์๋์์์ ํ๋ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค... ์์์ฃผ์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋จ๊ณ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ค(110~ 112)The first articulate explorer and to an extent even theorist of intimacy was Jean-Jacques Rousseau who, characteristically enough, is the only great author still frequently cited by his first name alone. He arrived at his discovery through a rebellion not against the oppression of the state but against society's unbearable perversion of the human heart, its intrusion upon an innermost region in man which until then had needed no special protection. The intimacy of the heart, unlike the private household, has no objective tangible place in the world, nor can the society against which it protests and asserts itself be localized with the same certainty as the public space. To Rousseau, both the intimate and the social were, rather, subjective modes of human existence, and in his case, it was as though Jean-Jacques rebelled against a man called Rousseau. The modern individual and his endless conflicts, his inability either to be at home in society or to live outside it altogether, his ever-changing moods and the radical subjectivism of his emotional life, was born in this rebellion of the heart. The authenticity of Rousseau's discovery is beyond doubt, no matter how doubtful the authenticity of the individual who was Rousseau. The astonishing flowering of poetry and music from the middle of the eighteenth century until almost the last third of the nineteenth, accompanied by the rise of the novel, the only entirely social art form, coinciding with a no less striking decline of all the more public arts, especially architecture, is sufficient testimony to a close relationship between the social and the intimate. The rebellious reaction against society during which Rousseau and the Romanticists discovered intimacy was directed first of all against the leveling demands of the social, against what we would call today the conformism inherent in every society. It is important to remember that this rebellion took place before the principle of equality, upon which we have blamed conformism since Tocqueville, had had the time to assert itself in either the social or the political realm. Whether a nation consists of equals or non-equals is of no great importance in this respect, for society always demands that its members act as though they were members of one enormous family which has only one opinion and one interest. Before the modern disintegration of the family, this common interest and single opinion was represented by the household head who ruled in accordance with it and prevented possible disunity among the family members. The striking coincidence of the rise of society with the decline of the family indicates clearly that what actually took place was the absorption of the family unit into corresponding social groups. The equality of the members of these groups, far from being an equality among peers, resembles nothing so much as the equality of household members before the despotic power of the household head, except that in society, where the natural strength of one common interest and one unanimous opinion is tremendously enforced by sheer number, actual rule exerted by one man, representing the common interest and the right opinion, could eventually be dispensed with. The phenomenon of conformism is characteristic of the last stage of this modern development.
์ ๋ถํต์น์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ํํ ๊ณง ๊ด๋ฃํต์น์์ ์ ์ ์๋ฏ์ด, ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ณผ๋ฐํธํ ์ ํก์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋์ฃผ์ ์์์๋ ํ์ฌ๋์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฒ์์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์์๋ ๊ด๋ฃํต์น๊ฐ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง๋ฐฐ์๊ฐ ํ์์๊ตฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ ์์ง ์๋ค ํด์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ผ์ ํ ํํธ์ฒ์ง ์๋์์๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ธํ๊ณ ํญ๊ตฐํต์น์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ ๋ค๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค(112)As we know from the most social form of government, that is, from bureaucracy(the last stage of government in the nation-state just as one-man rule in benevolent despotism and absolutism was its first), the rule by nobody is not necessarily no-rule; it may indeed, under certain circumstances, even turn out to be one of its crudest and most tyrannical versions.
์์ ์ ํ์ฐ์คํ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ์ด, ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ, ์์ฒด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ ๋ฒจ๋ค ์์์, ํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋์ ์, ์ฌํ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค ๊ฐ์์๊ฒ, ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ท์น๋ค์ ์์-์๋ฆฌ์ธ์ฐ๋ฉด์, ํ์์ ์ผ์ ํ ์ด๋ค ์ข ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ "๊ท๋ฒํ์ํค๊ณ ", ์์๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ์ํ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์์ฐ๋ฐ์์ ์ธ ํ๋ ๋๋ ์ฐ๋์ ์ฑ์ทจ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ค... ๋์ค์ฌํ๊ฐ ์ถํํจ์ผ๋ก์, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๊ถ์ญ์, ๋ช์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑธ์น ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋์, ํ๋ฑํ๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฑํ ๊ฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ด๋ค ์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ์ต์ข ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌ์นํ๊ณ ํต์ ํ๋ ์ง์ ์ ๋ค๋ค๋๋ค. ๊ทผ๋์ธ๊ณ ์์์ ํ๋ฑํจ์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ๋์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์, ์ ์น์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ์ธ์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค(112~ 113)It is decisive that society, on all its levels, excludes the possibility of action, which formerly was excluded from the household. Instead, society expects from each of its members a certain kind of behavior, imposing innumerable and various rules, all of which tend to "normalize" its members, to make them behave, to exclude spontaneous action or outstanding achievement. With Rousseau, we find these demands in the salons of high society, whose conventions always equate the individual with his rank within the social framework. What matters is this equation with social status, and it is immaterial whether the framework happens to be actual rank in the half-feudal society of the eighteenth century, title in the class society of the nineteenth, or mere function in the mass society of today. The rise of mass society, on the contrary, only indicates that the various social groups have suffered the same absorption into one society that the family units had suffered earlier; with the emergence of mass society, the realm of the social has finally, after several centuries of development, reached the point where it embraces and controls all members of a given community equally and with equal strength. But society equalizes under all circumstances, and the victory of equality in the modern world is only the political and legal recognition of the fact that society has conquered the public realm, and that distinction and difference have become private matters of the individual.
์ฌํ ์์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ ์์์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐํํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๋จ์ ์ต๊ณ ์์์ธ ํ๋์ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์์น์ธ ๋์๋ง ์ค์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅํ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋ฑํจ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๋ฑํจ ํนํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋์๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์... ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ๊ฒ ์๊ณ ๋ ์คํผ๋ฆฟ์ผ๋ก ๊ฝ์ฐจ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฆ์ด๋ค์ด ํญ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณํด์ผ๋ง ํ๊ณ , ์ ์ผํ ํํจ ๋๋ ์ฑ์ทจ๋ค์ ํตํด์ ์์ ์ด ๋ชจ๋๋ค ์ค ์ต๊ณ ์(์์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ์ฐ์์ธ)์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ด์ผ๋จ ํ๋, ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ๊ทธ์์ฒด์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์, ๊ทธ๊ฒ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค... ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งํด, ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋จ(๊ฐ์ฑ)์ ์ํด ์๋น๋์๋ค(113)This modern equality, based on the conformism inherent in society and possible only because behavior has replaced action as the foremost mode of human relationship, is in every respect different from equality in antiquity, and notably in the Greek citystates. To belong to the few "equals"(homoioi) meant to be permitted to live among one's peers; but the public realm itself, the polis, was permeated by a fiercely agonal spirit, where everybody had constantly to distinguish himself from all others, to show through unique deeds or achievements that he was the best of all(aien aristeuein) .์์ฃผ34 The public realm, in other words, was reserved for individuality; it was the only place where men could show who they really and inexchangeably were. It was for the sake of this chance, and out of love for a body politic that made it possible to them all, that each was more or less willing to share in the burden of jurisdiction, defense, and administration of public affairs.
์์ฃผ34. "์ธ์ ๋ ์ต๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋์ด ํ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋ผ"๋ ํธ๋จธ์ ์ธ ์์ ๋ค์ ์ค์ฌ๋๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํธ๋จธ๋ "ํฌ๋ผ์ธ๋ค์ ๊ต์ก์"์๋ค(113)Aien aristeuein kai hypeirochon emmenai allon("always to be the best and to rise above others") is the central concern of Homer's heroes(Iliad vi. 208), and Homer was "the educator of Hellas."
์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์ํ ๋ฟ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์๋ก ์๋ก ์กด์คํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ถ์ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ธ ๋์ผํ ์์์ฃผ์์ด๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ํ์ด๋จ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค... ๊ทผ๋ ์ด์ ๊น์ง ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ์ ์นํ์ ์ ํ ์ค์์น์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด์๋ค(113)It is the same conformism, the assumption that men behave and do not act with respect to each other, that lies at the root of the modern science of economics, whose birth coincided with the rise of society and which, together with its chief technical tool, statistics, became the social science par excellence. Economicsโ until the modern age a not too important part of ethics and politics and based on the assumption that men act with respect to their economic activities as they act in every other respect์์ฃผ35โ could achieve a scientific character only when men had become social beings and unanimously followed certain patterns of behavior, so that those who did not keep the rules could be considered to be asocial or abnormal.
์์ฃผ35. ์ด๋ค '๊ณผํ'์ผ๋ก์จ์ ์ ์น๊ฒฝ์ ๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ์ 1์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ด ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์๊ฒ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋์ ์ค์ธ์๋ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋ชฐ๋์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ, ๊ตํ๋ฒํ์๋ค์ "์์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ" ๋ํ ์ด๋ค '๊ณผํ'์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋ค '์์จ'์ ์ง๋์ง ์์๋ค.... ๋ง์ค๋ ์ธ๋๋น๋์ผํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ธํ ๋ ์คํธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋๋ ๊ณ๊ธ์ ์ธ ์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ๋ค๋ก ๋์ฒดํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๊ณ๊ธ์ ์ธ ์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ๋ค์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์์ ๊ณ๊ธ๋ค์ธ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์์๋ค๊ณผ ์์ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์์์ผฐ๋ค... ๋ง์ค์ "์ฌํํ๋ ์ฌ๋"์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ "๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋"๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ์ ์กด์ฌ์ด๋ค(114)"The conception of political economy as primarily a 'science' dates only from Adam Smith" and was unknown not only to antiquity and the Middle Ages, but also to canonist doctrine, the first "complete and economic doctrine" which "differed from modern economics in being an 'art' rather than a 'science' "(W. J. Ashley, of. tit., pp. 379 ff.). Classical economics assumed that man, in so far as he is an active being, acts exclusively from self-interest and is driven by only one desire, the desire for acquisition. Adam Smith's introduction of an "invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of [anybody's] intention" proves that even this minimum of action with its uniform motivation still contains too much unpredictable initiative for the establishment of a science. Marx developed classical economics further by substituting group or class interests for individual and personal interests and by reducing these class interests to two major classes, capitalists and workers, so that he was left with one conflict, where classical economics had seen a multitude of contradictory conflicts. The reason why the Marxian economic system is more consistent and coherent, and therefore apparently so much more "scientific" than those of his predecessors, lies primarily in the construction of "socialized man," who is even less an acting being than the "economic man" of liberal economics.
ํ์์ฃผ์์ ๊ดํ ๋ถํํ ์ง์ค ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ "๋ฒ์น๋ค"์ ํ๋น์ฑ์, ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ๋ง์์๋ก ๋์ฑ๋ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ฑ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฉํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค... ํต๊ณํ์ ์ธ ํ์ผ์ฑ์... ์ฌํ๋, ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ฐํ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์๋ช ์ถ ์์ ์์ ํ ์นจ๋ชฐํด์, ์์ฒด์ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ค์กด ์์ ๋ด์ฌํ ๊ณผํ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๋ง๊ณผ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค๋... ๋ฌดํดํ ๊ณผํ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ์ด์... ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์ด๋ค ์ด์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค(115)The unfortunate truth about behaviorism and the validity of its "laws" is that the more people there are, the more likely they are to behave and the less likely to tolerate non-behavior. Statistically, this will be shown in the leveling out of fluctuation. In reality, deeds will have less and less chance to stem the tide of behavior, and events will more and more lose their significance, that is, their capacity to illuminate historical time. Statistical uniformity is by no means a harmless scientific ideal; it is the no longer secret political ideal of a society which, entirely submerged in the routine of everyday living, is at peace with the scientific outlook inherent in its very existence.
์์ฃผ36. ์์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํ๋ฆฌ์๋์ฆ์... ํต์ผ์ฒด๋ก์จ์ ์ฌํ๋ผ๋... '๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ํ๊ตฌ' ์์ํฅํด ๊ฐ์ ๋นํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ๋ค์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ค ์์๋ '๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ํ๊ตฌ'๊ฐ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด์๋ค... ํ๋์ ์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ๊ฐ ์ ์ผ์ฒด๋ก์จ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ฅ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ํด์ผ๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ค ๊ณผํ์ผ ์ ์๋ค... '์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ๋ค์ ์กฐํ' ๋ค์๋ '๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ํ๊ตฌ'๊ฐ ๋์ ์์๋ค.... ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๋์ '๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ' ์ด๋ค ์ด์ ๊ณง '์ ์ผ์ฒด๋ก์จ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ธํฐ๋ ์คํธ'์ ์ํด ์ด๋๋ฆฐ๋ค... ์ด๋ค ๋ ผ์ฆ๋ค์ ๋๊ด์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋จ์ผํ ์ด๋ค ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก์จ ๊ด๋ ํํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๋จ์ผํ ์ด๋ค ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๊ด๋ ํ ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค(116)That liberal utilitarianism, and not socialism, is "forced into an untenable 'communistic fiction' about the unity of society" and that "the communist fiction [is] implicit in most writings on economics" constitutes one of the chief theses of Myrdal's brilliant work(op. ck., pp. 54 and 150). He shows conclusively that economics can be a science only if one assumes that one interest pervades society as a whole. Behind the "harmony of interests" stands always the "communistic fiction" of one interest, which may then be called welfare or commonwealth. Liberal economists consequently were always guided by a "communistic" ideal, namely, by "interest of society as a whole"(pp. 194โ 95). The crux of the argument is that this "amounts to the assertion that society must be conceived as a single subject. This, however, is precisely what cannot be conceived. If we tried, we would be attempting to abstract from the essential fact that social activity is the result of the intentions of several individuals"(p. 154).
์ฌํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ ์ดํ, ํ์ฐ์คํ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐ์คํคํ ํ๋๋ค์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ํฅํ ์ด๋๋ฏธ์ ์ดํ, ์ฌํ๋ผ๋ ์ด ์๋ก์ด ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ฐ๋์ ํน์ง๋ค ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋๋, ์ต๊ทผ์ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ์คํผ์ด(๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์)์ ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฆฝ ๋งํผ์ด๋, ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ค๋๋ ๊ถ์ญ๋ค์ ๋จน์ด์น์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ ํญ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด๋ค(117)Since the rise of society, since the admission of household and housekeeping activities to the public realm, an irresistible tendency to grow, to devour the older realms of the political and private as well as the more recently established sphere of intimacy, has been one of the outstanding characteristics of the new realm.
(๊ทผ๋์ธ๊ณ์์๋) ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ปจ์คํฐํํธํ๋ค๋ ์ ์... ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์งง์ ์๊ฐ ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ค์ ๋ ธ๋์๋ค ๋ฐ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌํ๋ค๋ก ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ์์ผฐ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊นจ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค... ์ฌํ๋ ๋จ์ง ์ด๊ธฐ์ํ ์ํธ์ข ์๋ง๊ณ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ์ฌ์ฅํจ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ณณ์ด ๋๊ณ , ์์กด์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๊พธ๋ฐ์๋ ํ๋๋ค๋ง์ด ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๊ฒ๋ ํ๋ฝ๋ ๊ณณ์ด ๋๋ค(118~ 119)Perhaps the clearest indication that society constitutes the public organization of the life process itself may be found in the fact that in a relatively short time the new social realm transformed all modern communities into societies of laborers and jobholders; in other words, they became at once centered around the one activity necessary to sustain life.(To have a society of laborers, it is of course not necessary that every member actually be a laborer or workerโ not even the emancipation of the working class and the enormous potential power which majority rule accords to it are decisive here;โ but only that all members consider whatever they do primarily as a way to sustain their own lives and those of their families.) Society is the form in which the fact of mutual dependence for the sake of life and nothing else assumes public significance and where the activities connected with sheer survival are permitted to appear in public.
๋ ธ๋์ ๋ด๋ชฐ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ์์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒํ๋ ์ ์ฝ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ ธ๋ํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ฉํธ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ก์์ง์, ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ช ์ถ ์์ ๋ด์ฌํด์๋ ์ฑ์ฅ์์๊ฐ (ํญ์ฃผํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค)... ์๋ช ์ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ์ค์ค๋ก์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์๋ฆฝํ ๊ณณ์ธ, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ์ ์ด์ง์์ ์ด๋ค ์ฑ์ฅ์ผ๋กํ์ฌ๊ธ ํ๋ ค๋๋๋ก ํด์ฃผ์๊ณ ... ์ฌํ์ ๋ง์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํญ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅ์ค์ธ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ๋ง์, ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค ๋ฐ ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์... ์ค์ค๋ก๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ ์ญ๋์ด ์์์ด ์ฆ๋ช ๋์๋ค(119)The moment laboring was liberated from the restrictions imposed by its banishment into the private realmโ and this emancipation of labor was not a consequence of the emancipation of the working class, but preceded itโ it was as though the growth element inherent in all organic life had completely overcome and overgrown the processes of decay by which organic life is checked and balanced in nature's household. The social realm, where the life process has established its own public domain, has let loose an unnatural growth, so to speak, of the natural; and it is against this growth, not merely against society but against a constantly growing social realm, that the private and intimate, on the one hand, and the political(in the narrower sense of the word), on the other, have proved incapable of defending themselves.
๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์์ฐ์ ์ด์ง์์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ณดํต ํญ์์ ์ธ ๋ ธ๋์์ฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฆ๋๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค(119)What we described as the unnatural growth of the natural is usually considered to be the constantly accelerated increase in the productivity of labor.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์ ์๋ ํ , ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์ ๋น๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ธ ํ์ํจ ๊ทธ์์ฒด๋, ํ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋, ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ ๊ณณ์ธ, ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ํฅํด์ ๋์ ํ ๋น๋์ด์ก๋ค... (๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ) ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์... ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ํ๊ณผ ํ์ํจ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์น์ง์๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค... ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ธ(๋ก๊ณ ์ค)์ ์ญ๋์... ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ์ด ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋ค ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์คํผ์ด ์์ํฅํด ๋ด๋ชฐ์๋ค(121)Excellence itself, arete as the Greeks, virtus as the Romans would have called it, has always been assigned to the public realm where one could excel, could distinguish oneself from all others. Every activity performed in public can attain an excellence never matched in privacy; for excellence, by definition, the presence of others is always required, and this presence needs the formality of the public, constituted by one's peers, it cannot be the casual, familiar presence of one's equals or inferiors. Not even the social realmโ though it made excellence anonymous, emphasized the progress of mankind rather than the achievements of men, and changed the content of the public realm beyond recognitionโ has been able altogether to annihilate the connection between public performance and excellence. While we have become excellent in the laboring we perform in public, our capacity for action and speech has lost much of its former quality since the rise of the social realm banished these into the sphere of the intimate and the private.
์์ฃผ40. ํธ๋จธ์ ๋ง์ด ์ธ์ฉ๋๋ ์๊ฐ : ๋ ธ์์ ๋ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฎ์ณค์ ๋, ์ ์ฐ์ค๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ์ํจ(์๋ ํ )์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ผ๋ก ์ทจํด๊ฐ๋ค(121)Homer's much quoted thought that Zeus takes away half of a man's excellence(arete) when the day of slavery catches him(Odyssey xvii. 320 ff.) is put into the mouth of Eumaios, a slave himself, and meant as an objective statement, not a criticism or a moral judgment. The slave lost excellence because he lost admission to the public realm, where excellence can show.
โ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ 2๋ถ 6์ฅ์ด ๋๋ฉ๋๋ค. 2๋ถ 6์ฅ ์์์ ์๋ ํธ๋ ์ง์ํ๊ฒ, ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค the public(๋๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ๋๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด),์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋คthe private; privacy(๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด), ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋คthe political(๋๋ ์ ์น์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ๋๋ ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด), ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋คthe social(๋๋ ์ฌํ ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ขฐ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ญ ๋๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ์คํผ์ด), ์น๋ฐํ๊ฒ๋คthe intimate(๋๋ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ๊ถ์ญ ๋๋ ์น๋ฐํจ์ ์คํผ์ด ๋๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค)์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋(๊ณ ๋, ์ค์ธ)์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ค์กดํ์๋์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ฒ ํํค์ณ๋๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๊ทผ๋๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ทผ๋๋ก์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๋๋ค(์กํฐ๋นํฐ๋ค์ธ ๋ ธ๋, ์์ , ํ๋)์ ๋ณํ ๊ณง ์ํ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ์ ๋๋ผ์ด ํต์ฐฐ์ (๋์ ์ข๋ค๋ ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ฐ ํต์ฐฐ์ ๋๋์ต๋๋ค) ์ ๊ทผ๋์์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค(ํ์ฐ์คํ๋/ํ์ฐ์คํคํ/ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ/๋ ธ๋+ ์์ )๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ(ํด๋ฆฌ์ค/์ ์น์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค/ํ๋), ๋๋ก ๋๋ถ์๋ฅด๋ฏ์ด ๋๋ก ์ชผ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ๋ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ์์ต๋๋ค, ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งํ์์๋ฉด, ์๋ ํธ๊ฐ ๊ฑธํgulf(ํฐ๊ตฌ๋ )์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ์์ต๋๋ค. (๋ ์ ํํ ๋งํ์๋ฉด ์ง๊ตฌ์์ฐ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ผ๊ฒ ์ง์) ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์ผ์ด๋rise, ์ถํํ๊ณ emergence, ํ์appearanceํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋์ธ๊ณ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค, ์ด 3๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ถํ๊ณ ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ ํํธ์ฒ์ง์ ๋์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ํธ๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๊ณผ์์ฑ์ฅ ์์์ ์์๋ฌด์ฑ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํด์ง ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ์ธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ด์ฌ์ด, ์๋ ํธ๋ ๊ด๋ฃํต์น๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง, ์์์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง (์ด ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ ์ฒด์ฃผ์๋ก ๋ชจ์์ง ๋ฏ), ๋ง์์ฆ, ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํ๋ฆฌ์๋์ฆ, ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ, ๋ง์ค๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ํต์ฐฐ์ ๋์ ธ์ค๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ค ๋๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค ๋ณด๋ฉด์, ๋์๊ฒ๋ ํ๊ฐ์ง ์์ฌ์ด ์ ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฉ์ด ์๋ ํ (๋น๋ฅดํฌ; ๋ฒ์ธ) ๊ณง ํ์ํจexellence๋ผ๋ ๋ฑ๋ง์ด ๋์๊ฒ๋ ๋ฌด์ฒ ์์ฌ์ด ์ฐ์์๋ก ๋๊ปด์ง๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ๋ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์์, 'ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ด'๋ผ๋ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋๋ค. (114์ชฝ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ์ท๋ ํ์ง ์์์ต๋๋ค) ์ผ์์ฑ, ๋์ค์ฑ, ๋ค์์, ์ ๋น์ฑ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ง์๋ ํ์ํจ, ์์์, ๊ฐ์ธ๋จ์ ์ฐฌ์์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์๋นํ ๋ณต์กํ๊ณ ๊น์ ๋ถ์์ด ์์ฒญ๋๋ ํ ํฝ์ธ๋ฐ, ์๋ํ๋ฉด, ์์นซํ๋ค๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์ ์ธ ํ์ํจ์ ์๋ฏธํธ์ ์ธ ์์ธ, ๊ฒฐ๋จ, ๋ ์ฌ, ์์ ์ ์ฐฌ์์ผ๋ก ๋คํ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ์ ์์ฌ์์ฌํ <์ค๋ฆฌ vs ํํ> ์ธ์คํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ด ์๋ ํ (๋น๋ฃจํฌ; ๋ฒ์ธ; ์์ ๋ฐ์ค)์ ์ฐฌ์์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ์ ํ์ํจ(์๋ ํ ; ๋น๋ฅดํฌ; ๋ฒ์ธ)์ ์ง์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฒด์์ผ์ ์ฝ์ด์ผ๋ง, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ํํ ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ-์๋ฏธํธ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์P์ ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ตด๋ฌ๋จ์ด์ง์ ํผํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์๋ ํธ์ ์๋ ํ ์ฐฌ์์ ์ฐฐ์ค ํ ์ผ๋ฌ์ ์ง์ ์ฑF์ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ์ณ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฑธ ์ํ๋ฉด, ์๋ ํธ์ ๋ฒ์ธ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฐฌ์์ ์๋ชป๋ฉ๋๋ค. ํ์ํจ์ ์ง์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ ๋, ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ-์๋ฏธํธP์ '์์ธ'๊ฐ ํค์๋ฅด์ผ๊ณ ๋ฅดF์ ์ธ '์์ธ'๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ํค์๋ฅด์ผ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ '์์ธ'๋ ์ฐฐ์ค ํ ์ผ๋ฌ์ ์ง์ ์ฑ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ ๋งํค์๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ [๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก ]์ ์ฝ์ ๋์๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํฉ๋๋ค. ๋งํค์๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น๋ฅดํฌ(ํ์ํจ; ๋ฒ์ธ)๋ฅผ ํ๋ผํค-์๋ฆฌ์คํ ๋ ์ค-์คํ ์ํํ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ ์น์ ์ธ P์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ผ์ค์ ์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ์ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ์๋๋ฉด ์ง์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ํค์๋ฅด์ผ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ ์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ์ ์๋ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋งํค์๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ๋ Pํฌ๋ฉง์ด ๋๋ง์ด ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ค์ด์ง๋ง, ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ฑF์ด ๊ทธ ์์ ์์์ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ง๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.