Hello friends steemit.
At this meeting I will share the results of the roads and photographs on a deer farm in a village. This ranch is very crowded visitors
To come to a deer farm, we have to take 2 hours from downtown. As is common also bahwasannya this deer must be in a quiet and cool place so the deer do not feel uncomfortable with the situation as in the noisy and wara wiri city.
This type of native deer, along with other members of the genus Muntiacus, is believed to be the oldest type of deer. Kijang comes from the Old World and has been around since 15 - 35 million years ago. The male deer has a short (short) horn, not exceeding half of the head and fork length and the outer teeth. Deer or deer (Muntiacus muntjak) is a solitary animal. The male gazelle marks its territory by rubbing the preorbital frontal glands that are in their heads on the ground and trees. In addition, male deer also scrape the nails to the ground or scratch the bark of the tree with the teeth as a marker of the area.
The picture above is
Deer Bawean, Axis kuhlii
Bawean deer is a species of deer that is endemic on the island of Bawean, is a protected animal. Photos taken at the breeding, at the Livestock Research Institute, Ciawi, Bogor.
Types of native deer Indonesia is usually active at night though often keep doing activities during the day. The main food is the young leaves, grass, fruit, and plant roots. Kijang is a polygamy animal. This type of deer does not have a particular breeding season so marriage takes place throughout the year. Female deer can give birth throughout the year with gestational age ranging from 6-7 months. In one pregnancy period, the deer gave birth to 1-2 children.
Types of Deer Livestock
1. Sambar deer
The sambar deer (also called the sambur deer, sambhur, Tamil: Kadaththi man), is a common type of deer common in Asia. Common species have large body features with brownish fur. Sambar can grow as high as 102 cm - 160 cm to shoulder weighing about 546 kg. Sambar generally habits in the forest and depends on bush or grass plants. They generally live in groups with 5 - 6 members mostly found on the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan in Indonesia.
2. Deer bawean
Deer bawean (Axis kuhlii) is a type of deer that is currently only found in Bawean Island in the middle of the Java Sea. Administratively, this island belongs to Gresik Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia.
3. Cervus timorensis
Type Cervus timorensis, has a brown fur with a color of the lower abdomen and a white tail. Male animals are relatively larger compared to females. Height between 91-102 cm with weight 103-155 kg, smaller when compared with Sambar (Cervus unicolor). The stags have branched horns. Horns will grow first in 8-month-old boys. After adulthood, the ranggah becomes perfect which is marked by the presence of 3 pointed ends.
4. Kijang or muncak
Kijang or muncak are deer relatives incorporated in the genus Muntiacus. Kijang comes from the Old World and is considered the oldest type of deer, has been around since 15-35 million years ago, with remnants from the Miocene period found in France and Germany.
Deer does not recognize the breeding season and can be mated at any time, but the behavior of the breeding season occurs when the deer is taken to temperate climates. Males have short horns that can grow when broken.
5. Spotted deer
Tambar (Axis axis) is a herbivorous animal who loves all kinds of plants, especially grass and foliage. Adult deer (puberty) at 10-15 months (female deer) and in males at 12-16 months (in males). A female deer will be pregnant for 234 days, and has a birth spacing of approximately 275 days. The age of deer who became the icon of Bogor Palace is ranged between 20-30 years.
Deer Livestock Breeding System
Reproduction is a biological process that occurs between males and females in order to form a new individual in his life. The ideal comparison in a captive is 1: 4 or 5 ie 1 male and 4 or 5 female. Lust indicates that the female has grown up and is willing to accept the male in marriage. The female signs of passion are diminished appetite, not calm, standing calmly when mounted male or female, often urinating, kissing and licking the male genitalia, the vulva (the outer female genitalia) are swollen, red, and when held warm. Male signs of passion are often roared, wallowed, plunged ranggah to the ground or trees, and often smell and smell the urine of the deer while sticking out the tongue. Late on the deer was observed from the beginning of the desire to marry until the last moment of 2.25 days with the 20.25 day cycle of lust.
Puberty or adult sex in males is characterized by the ability to populate (mate) and produce sperm, as well as other secondary sex changes. Puberty in females is characterized by the occurrence of estrus, ovulation, can reproduce or produce offspring even though it has not reached the size of adult body weight, puberty in an 8-month-old male deer and 8.13 months of females. The first marriage on female deer is female timor deer done several months after reaching adult genitals (puberty). If the marriage is done at puberty, the parent will be difficult to give birth even the born child tends to be weak, unhealthy, low birth weight, and the parent growth will be stunted because the reproductive organs have not developed perfectly. The right age to marry female virgin on a deer timor is 15.25 months and males 12.67 months.
The average length of mating 2.33 seconds with a mating frequency of 2.14 times / day. The beginnings of fertilization in deer are difficult to recognize, so the benchmark in deciding pregnancy is behavior after marriage where the deer looks more calm, the right abdomen enlarges, the milk (udder) decreases, and always refuses or avoids when approached by a male. The average length of pregnancy in the reindeer is 8.38 months and the first pregnancy period is 17.00 months. The activity of the birth (partus) of the deer as well as other mammals, consists of three stages of uterine contraction, child expenditure (fetus), and placenta expenditure. Reindeer deer including single breeds and the average age of first child 25.50 months with first and second birth interval 13.25 months.
Management and Breeding of Deer Deer
The reindeer deer utilized a land area of 7.0 hectare comprising: The semi-enclosed system, carried out in the form of a mini ranch by maintaining a large area (± 1.0 ha), fenced in, and the deer allowed to graze on their own but sometimes feed is supplied from outside when feed in the area is insufficient. The ranch is a system of deer breeding extensively carried out in large and fenced areas (± 1.0 - 5.0 hectare or subject to availability of land and captive purposes). The deer are allowed to graze naturally without human intervention except to control and regulate the carrying capacity.
Maintenance of deer with ranch system and mini ranch should meet the needs of life such as natural habitat. Therefore, the artificial habitat in the fenced enclosure enclosure can be equipped with trees and scrub areas, water sources, feeding and grass pitches. Trees are very useful for shelter and beds, while the scrub area can be a place of rest, parenting and other biological needs. The types of trees planted have a fairly shady canopy as shade, such as: banyan, sawo, mango, longan, and various other types of forest plants. Some species of trees are often eaten by the deer. Therefore, the fencing of some species of trees needs to be done if the fear is quickly damaged or dead because it is eaten by the deer skin.
Some of the requirements to be considered in establishing deer breeding sites, among others, are outside the nature reserve area; located in a quiet place; safe from interference; easily reached or reached during the rainy and dry seasons; available plenty of water throughout the year for drinking purposes,
Cage
The cage serves as a shelter from rain, heat, and predators; shelter, rest, reproduction, eating and drinking; care for the sick; and to facilitate the control. The enclosure used consists of wood, nails, iron, harmonica or ram wire, brick, cement, and sand. The concrete poles built on the foundation with the size of the enclosure for one individual adult deer are 2.0 m². The deer enclosure is given a door, for easy handling for feeding, catching for weighing, measurement, signing, medical examination, or treatment. Drainage on the floor of the cage is made somewhat sloping and it is attempted not to be muddy; deer cage should be sealed according to physiological status.
The deer enclosures are of various shapes depending on their usefulness, including shade buildings. This building serves as a shelter because it has a roof and walls so as to avoid the rain water. This building is indispensable in the deer breeding that embraces the confined system (cage). The roof of the building consists of tile, reed or rumbia, while the wall from the wall with a minimum height of 50 cm. The building measures 1 m² for one individual adult deer. Captive deer using a free system (ranch), can use the trees are shady or shrubs.
- Cage breeding (enclosed enclosure measuring 6 x 2 m2 and sealed into three spaces ie for cage mating (2 x 3 m2), cage giving and feeding (2 x 1.5 m2) and weaning cage (2 x 1.5 m2),
- Individual enclosures and research (each measuring 2 x 2 m),
- transit enclosure (open enclosure area of ± 560 m2 to accommodate newly arrived deer),
- Enlarged enclosure covering an area of ± 288 m2 divided into four sub-units each covering an area of ± 72 m2 for pair selection, child enlargement and training (exercise) for one partner to refresh the body condition from breeding cage, as well as isolation for certain cases. These cages are usually called yard and should be round or circular, used for deer treatment, and a place for deer who are pregnant or giving birth. The yard cage walls are made of strong boards with a minimum height of 2.0 m, and are sealed so that the deer can be easily treated without causing panic or stress. The cage is round to allow the deer to be more easily treated because the deer will be in the center of the cage. However, if the cage is square, deer tend to prefer to be in the corners making it difficult to treat. The cage floor consists of a rough floor or paving block.
- Stall or mini ranch (open cage maintenance measures 38 x 38 m2), sewage treatment (to process and utilize deer waste and deer waste, consisting of 2 pieces each measuring 4 x 2 x 1 m3 and 2 x 2 x 1 m3),
- feed warehouse (permanent building measuring 8 x 6 m2 used as feed warehouse, medicine and captive equipment),
- Information center (permanent building size 10 x 6 m for deer captive data and information center as well as administrative and training activities).
Fence
The fence is made around the captive area and the material is a fence pole (iron, concrete, or living tree), and wire (harmonica or ram, barbed wire). The minimum fence pile is 2.5 m from ground level, planted 50 - 75 cm with concrete foundation and the upper end is bent along 0.5 m and threaded with 3 - 4 rows of barbed wire. The distance between the fence posts maximum 2.0 m. The fence pole from living trees, planted around a fence as high as 2.5 m from the ground with a minimum stem diameter of 10 cm and planted 50 - 75 cm. A living tree is planted between an elbow stake pole, to help strengthen the fence. Tree fencing is done as high as 1-2 meters using bamboo, wood or wire harmonica. If the natural shade is deemed to be lacking, shelter can be made to a size of 2 meters from the material you are not.
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