Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator
The failure of a TRNG can be quite complex and subtle, necessitating validation of not just the results (the output bit stream), but of the unpredictability of the entropy source.[10] Hardware random number generators should be constantly monitored for proper operation to protect against the entropy source degradation due to natural causes and deliberate attacks. FIPS Pub 140-2 and NIST Special Publication 800-90B[42] define tests which can be used for this.
The minimal set of real-time tests mandated by the certification bodies is not large; for example, NIST in SP 800-90B requires just two continuous health tests:[43]
repetition count test checks that the sequences of identical digits are not too long, for a (typical) case of a TRNG that digitizes one bit at a time, this means not having long strings of either 0s or 1s;
adaptive proportion test verifies that any random digit does not occur too frequently in the data stream (low bias). For bit-oriented entropy sources that means that the count of 1s and 0s in the bit stream is approximately the same.
Just as with other components of a cryptography system, a cryptographic random number generator should be designed to resist certain attacks. Defending against these attacks is difficult without a hardware entropy source.[citation needed]
The physical processes in HRNG introduce new attack surfaces. For example, a free-running oscillator-based TRNG can be attacked using a frequency injection.[44]
There are mathematical techniques for estimating the entropy of a sequence of symbols. None are so reliable that their estimates can be fully relied upon; there are always assumptions which may be very difficult to confirm. These are useful for determining if there is enough entropy in a seed pool, for example, but they cannot, in general, distinguish between a true random source and a pseudorandom generator. This problem is avoided by the conservative use of hardware entropy sources.
AN/CYZ-9
Bell test experiments
/dev/random
ERNIE
Lavarand (a hardware random number generator based on movement of the floating material in lava lamps)
List of random number generators
Lottery machine
RDRAND
Trusted Platform Module
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Turan, Meltem Sönmez; Barker, Elaine; Kelsey, John; McKay, Kerry A; Baish, Mary L; Boyle, Mike (2018). NIST SP800-90B: Recommendation for the entropy sources used for random bit generation (Report). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-90b.
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Saarinen, Markku-Juhani O.; Newell, G. Richard; Marshall, Ben (2020-11-09). Building a Modern TRNG: An Entropy Source Interface for RISC-V (PDF). New York, NY, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/3411504.3421212. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2023-09-09.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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Archived URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator
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