Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator
The failure of a TRNG can be quite complex and subtle, necessitating validation of not just the results (the output bit stream), but of the unpredictability of the entropy source.[10] Hardware random number generators should be constantly monitored for proper operation to protect against the entropy source degradation due to natural causes and deliberate attacks. FIPS Pub 140-2 and NIST Special Publication 800-90B[42] define tests which can be used for this.
The minimal set of real-time tests mandated by the certification bodies is not large; for example, NIST in SP 800-90B requires just two continuous health tests:[43]
repetition count test checks that the sequences of identical digits are not too long, for a (typical) case of a TRNG that digitizes one bit at a time, this means not having long strings of either 0s or 1s;
adaptive proportion test verifies that any random digit does not occur too frequently in the data stream (low bias). For bit-oriented entropy sources that means that the count of 1s and 0s in the bit stream is approximately the same.
Just as with other components of a cryptography system, a cryptographic random number generator should be designed to resist certain attacks. Defending against these attacks is difficult without a hardware entropy source.[citation needed]
The physical processes in HRNG introduce new attack surfaces. For example, a free-running oscillator-based TRNG can be attacked using a frequency injection.[44]
There are mathematical techniques for estimating the entropy of a sequence of symbols. None are so reliable that their estimates can be fully relied upon; there are always assumptions which may be very difficult to confirm. These are useful for determining if there is enough entropy in a seed pool, for example, but they cannot, in general, distinguish between a true random source and a pseudorandom generator. This problem is avoided by the conservative use of hardware entropy sources.
AN/CYZ-9
Bell test experiments
/dev/random
ERNIE
Lavarand (a hardware random number generator based on movement of the floating material in lava lamps)
List of random number generators
Lottery machine
RDRAND
Trusted Platform Module
^ Jump up to: a b c Turan et al. 2018, p. 64.
^ Jump up to: a b Schindler 2009, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Stipčević & Koç 2014, p. 279.
^ Jump up to: a b Sunar 2009, p. 56.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 8.
^ Jacak, Marcin M.; Jóźwiak, Piotr; Niemczuk, Jakub; Jacak, Janusz E. (2021). "Quantum generators of random numbers". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 16108. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1116108J. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95388-7. PMC 8352985. PMID 34373502.
^ Ma, Xiongfeng; Yuan, Xiao; Cao, Zhu; Qi, Bing; Zhang, Zhen (2016). "Quantum random number generation". npj Quantum Information. 2 (1): 16021. arXiv:1510.08957. Bibcode:2016npjQI...216021M. doi:10.1038/npjqi.2016.21.
^ Kollmitzer, Christian; Petscharnig, Stefan; Suda, Martin; Mehic, Miralem (2020). "Quantum Random Number Generation". Quantum Random Number Generation: Theory and Practice. Springer International Publishing. pp. 11–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72596-3_2. ISBN 978-3-319-72596-3.
^ Mannalath, Mishra & Pathak 2023.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 4.
^ Turan et al. 2018, p. 6.
^ Saarinen, Newell & Marshall 2020.
^ Templ 2016, p. 90.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 6.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e L'Ecuyer 2017.
^ Galton, Francis (1890). "Dice for statistical experiments" (PDF). Nature. 42 (1070): 13–14. Bibcode:1890Natur..42...13G. doi:10.1038/042013a0. S2CID 4038609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
^ Kendall, M. G., and B. Babington-Smith. 1938. "Randomness and other random sampling numbers". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 101:147–166.
^ Brown, George W. (January 1949), P-113, Papers, Rand Corporation, archived from the original on 2007-06-05, retrieved 2009-05-10.
^ Cobine, Curry (1947), "Electrical Noise Generators", Proceedings of the I.R.E. (September 1947): 875–9
^ Monograph report, Rand Corporation, January 2001, archived from the original on 2018-04-15, retrieved 2009-01-29.
^ Schneier, Bruce (1995-11-01). "Other Stream Ciphers and Real Random-Sequence Generators". Applied Cryptography (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-471-11709-4.
^ Sunar 2009, p. 57.
^ Stipčević & Koç 2014, pp. 279–280.
^ Stipčević & Koç 2014, p. 280.
^ Stipčević & Koç 2014, p. 286.
^ Jump up to: a b Stipčević & Koç 2014, pp. 288–289.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 2.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 10–13.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 13–14.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 15.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 17.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, p. 20.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 20–21.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 21–22.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 23–24.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 24–25.
^ Herrero-Collantes & Garcia-Escartin 2017, pp. 27–28.
^ Huang, Leilei; Zhou, Hongyi; Feng, Kai; Xie, Chongjin (2021-07-07). "Quantum random number cloud platform". npj Quantum Information. 7 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 107. Bibcode:2021npjQI...7..107H. doi:10.1038/s41534-021-00442-x. ISSN 2056-6387.
^ Mannalath, Mishra & Pathak 2023, p. 4.
^ Mannalath, Mishra & Pathak 2023, p. 9.
^ Turan et al. 2018.
^ Turan et al. 2018, pp. 25–27.
^ Markettos, A. Theodore; Moore, Simon W. (2009). "The Frequency Injection Attack on Ring-Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators". Lecture Notes in Computer Science (PDF). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 317–331. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04138-9_23. ISBN 978-3-642-04137-2. ISSN 0302-9743.
Turan, Meltem Sönmez; Barker, Elaine; Kelsey, John; McKay, Kerry A; Baish, Mary L; Boyle, Mike (2018). NIST SP800-90B: Recommendation for the entropy sources used for random bit generation (Report). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-90b.
Templ, M. (2016). Simulation for Data Science with R. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78588-587-7. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Saarinen, Markku-Juhani O.; Newell, G. Richard; Marshall, Ben (2020-11-09). Building a Modern TRNG: An Entropy Source Interface for RISC-V (PDF). New York, NY, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/3411504.3421212. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2023-09-09.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Schindler, Werner (2009). "Random Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications". Cryptographic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 5–23. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71817-0_2. ISBN 978-0-387-71816-3.
Sunar, Berk (2009). "True Random Number Generators for Cryptography". Cryptographic Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 55–73. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71817-0_4. ISBN 978-0-387-71816-3.
L'Ecuyer, Pierre (2017). History of uniform random number generation (PDF). 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE. doi:10.1109/wsc.2017.8247790. ISBN 978-1-5386-3428-8. ISSN 1558-4305.
Stipčević, Mario; Koç, Çetin Kaya (2014). "True Random Number Generators". Open Problems in Mathematics and Computational Science (PDF). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 275–315. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10683-0_12. ISBN 978-3-319-10682-3.
Herrero-Collantes, Miguel; Garcia-Escartin, Juan Carlos (2017-02-22). "Quantum random number generators". Reviews of Modern Physics. 89 (1) 015004. American Physical Society (APS). arXiv:1604.03304. Bibcode:2017RvMP...89a5004H. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.89.015004. ISSN 0034-6861.
Quantum Random Number Generation: Theory and Practice. Quantum Science and Technology. Springer Cham. 2020. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72596-3. ISBN 978-3-319-72596-3.
Mannalath, Vaisakh; Mishra, Sandeep; Pathak, Anirban (2023). "A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness". Quantum Information Processing. 22 (12): 439. arXiv:2203.00261. Bibcode:2023QuIP...22..439M. doi:10.1007/s11128-023-04175-y.
Brown, George W (June 1949), History of Rand's Million Digits, papers, RAND Corporation, archived from the original on 2007-06-05, retrieved 2009-05-10
Brown, Bernice (October 1948), Some Tests of the Randomness of a Million Digits, Papers, RAND Corporation, archived from the original on 2007-06-05, retrieved 2009-05-10
"Tube type 6D4", Electron Tube Data handbook, Sylvania, 1957
A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates, RAND Corporation, January 2001, archived from the original on 2002-12-16, retrieved 2002-12-22.
Galton, Francis (1890), "Dice for statistical experiments", Nature, 42 (1070): 13–4, Bibcode:1890Natur..42...13G, doi:10.1038/042013a0, archived from the original on 2004-04-04, retrieved 2004-03-28
Randomness and Genuine Random Number Generator With Self-testing Functions (PDF), Japan: LE Tech RNG, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-01, retrieved 2015-04-20
D. Eastlake, 3rd; J. Schiller; S. Crocker (June 2005). Randomness Requirements for Security. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4086. BCP 106. RFC 4086. Best Current Practice 106. Obsoletes RFC 1750.
The Intel Random Number Generator (PDF), Intel, 22 April 1999.
ProtegoST SG100, ProtegoST, "Hardware Random Number Generator "Based on quantum physics random number source from a zener diode".
Archived URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator
�� CONTENT HASHES:
SHA-256: 6f5d5bc31daecc43305b88d46deca9553a3e0bc04749df9f7e3e48e6f30c9fed
BLAKE2b: c895bf65cf683cf8d2bb856687be1d7d517add80d6db6de797971f36646beb19
MD5: 830a6c0f4e0ae1b5737acb9f65fb38d4
�� TITLE HASHES:
SHA-256: a5e212b6ab48d10fefea6c883e5b269243a618ce48e9833de5dad45a82c808d8
BLAKE2b: 7fc57e37cbb3382fd0934bc1786f53d6e13a01920482c7e4fddad656362d2cb8
MD5: 11f6a061a96a243763166e45779ef72b
�� INTEGRITY HASHES:
SHA-256: 6965d9ef315aeda3f019c1dd2a7643446d43d7607ba6984fa8c8e50d99992d72
BLAKE2b: 36f7bc58b143cf98fd662381a4328f6b80b7173a7b7d11e7ca786b989afb7546
MD5: 69aee3b521b7507de1c3359109f0eb38
Archived with ArcHive - Client-side cryptographic archival system
