Vitamins are nutrients needed in small amounts to support the functions of the body. One function of vitamins is to assist enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Cell division requires many reactions. Folate and vitamin B-12 help with numerous chemical reactions, especially in the replication of DNA. The body synthesizes red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the tissues, and so a deficiency of folate and B-12 will manifest in low red blood counts.
Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are synthesized in tremendous numbers by the bone marrow. The stem cells in the bone marrow divide over and over. To do this, they have to replicate their DNA. The enzymes that help replicate DNA and other structures in the cells need a number of vitamins. Low levels of vitamin B-12 and folate tend to affect blood cells before other cells because of their high rate of division.
Vitamin B-12, cobalamin, is found in animal products and fortified foods. It binds to the enzymes methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The first enzyme transfers small chemicals called methyl groups, used in hundreds of chemical reactions, particularly those involving DNA metabolism. The second enzyme has a number of functions. As pertaining to red blood cells, it helps form hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells that binds to and releases oxygen.
Folate is also known as folic acid or vitamin B-9. The National Institutes of Health recommends 400 mcg of folate per day in adults, and more for pregnant or lactating women. It is found in leafy green vegetables. Folate, like vitamin B-12, is necessary for DNA metabolism and repair.
A deficiency of folate in adults can cause a low red blood cell count, termed an anemia. The red blood cells will also be of large size; this is known as a macrocytic anemia. It can lead to fatigue, poor tolerance of exertion and pale skin. A deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects. Vitamin B-12 deficiency also causes a macrocytic anemia. In addition, it can cause irreversible nerve damage.
