Although English is a Germanic language, with a grammar and a core vocabulary inherited from Proto-Germanic. A substantial percentage of the English vocabulary comes from Romance and Latinate sources. A portion of these comes directly from Latin or through the Romance languages. The influence of Latin in English is primarily verbal in nature, being confined mainly to words derived from Latin roots.
Early Middle Ages
During the 6th and 7th century, Christian missionaries brought with them Latin religious terms, which entered the English language, when they came to Britain. Some words: school, shrive, pope, priest, nun, minister, monk, mass, candle, clerk, altar, apostle, abbot. Some of these words are ultimate of Greek origin, as much of the technical language of Christianity developed from the Greek of the New Testament and the works of those Fathers of the Church who wrote in Greek.
Whenever a suitable Old English substitute word could not be found, a Latin word could be chosen and many Latin words entered the Old English lexicon (dictionary) in this way. Such words include biscop "bishop" from Latin episcopus, Old English teped "carpet" from Latin tapetum and Old English Sigel "brooch" from Latin sigillum. Other words came in, even though an Old English term already existed and this caused enrichment of the vocabulary of the Old English vocabulary.
The Angles, Saxon and Jutes, were the Germanic tribes who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire, and who would later give rise to the English language. Even before the Germanic tribes reached Britain, (what is known as the Continental or Zero Period), Latin already entered their vocabulary, which was made up of many words for common objects, some words were originally from Greek: chest, cheese, cook, copper, anchor, butter, camp, dish, devil, fork, kitchen, inch, gem, mint (coin), mill, mile, pound (unit of weight), pillow, noon, punt (boat), wine, sack, street, wall.
Similarities of virtually all of these English words exist in the other Germanic languages.
Consequences for English
Today Latinate words continue to be coined in English, particularly in technical contexts, in addition to a large number of historical borrowings and coinages.
Most of the vocabulary of pre-school children is made up of native English words, rather than foreign-derived words.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English
Words derived from Latin
Latin words have given us thousands of English words, sometimes directly, sometimes through French. Only a few examples are given, but from them, many others can be formed. Students will greatly enlarge their vocabulary if they practice using the words in these lists and if they observe the roots, prefixes and suffixes of words when they read.
Some Latin words given to English
ago, actum, do, drive: agent, act, action, actor, actual, exact, transact.
amo I love: amorous, amiable, amateur, (one who does something for the love of it, not professionally).
annus, a year: annual, bennieal, annals, anniversary.
arma, arms: arms, alarms, (to arms), armistice, armour, army.
audio, I hear: audience, audible, obedience, auditor.
capio, captum, I take: capable, captive, emancipate, principal, accept, intercept.***
caput, head: capital, caption, chapter, decapitate.
cedo, cessum, I go, yield: cede, precede, proceed, accede, exceed, decease, ancestor.
caedo, I kill, cut: suicide, homicide, precise, incision.
centum, hundred: cent, century, centipede, centurion.
clamo, I shout: claim, exclaim, clamour, proclaim, exclamation.
claudo, clausum, I shut: include, exclude, cloister, enclose, clause,
corpus, body: corpse, corps, corset, corpulent.
curro, I run: current, recur, occur, axcursion, course, corridor.
credo, I believe: creed, credible, credulous, credit.
Latin Phrases
Latin words in English
Source: EBH Joubert
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