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This week we will be studying about pollination. Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from anther plants to stigmata of the pistils (in angiosperms) or to the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two biological types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Many plants are pollinated both ways. With self-pollination, the stigma of the mortar's hand is pollinated by the pollen of its flower. A classic example of self-pollination is flowering plants that do not expand: barley, wheat, oats, peanuts, etc.
In plants, cross pollination prevails. The offspring formed after cross pollination combines the properties of the parents, sometimes raised in completely different conditions. Such descendants are more viable.
Cross-pollinated plants develop worse seeds when they self-pollinate, it happens that their own pollen has a detrimental effect on the stigma of the pestle, it fades away. In the process of evolution, plants have developed devices that prevent self-pollination.
In bisexual plants that have flowers with stamens and pistils (apple trees, plums, raspberries, sunflowers), the stamens and pistils of a flower ripen at different times. The length of the stamens and the pistils may be different, and this makes it difficult to transfer their own pollen to the pistil, for example in buckwheat. Self-pollination is difficult in monoecious plants, with male flowers (only with stamens) and female (only with pistils). Such plants include cucumber, watermelon, hazelnut, corn.
Self-pollination in dioecious plants that have male or female flowers is impossible. This, for example, poplar, hemp.
The plants are pollinated by wind (rye, pine, hazelnut), insects (cucumber, sunflower, dogrose, clover, linden, etc.). The shape and structure of the flowers change according to the nature of the pollination.
In the plants pollinated by the wind, the flowers are small, unobtrusive, open, their mature anthers move and crack, throwing a dry and light pollen that can remain in the air for a long time. The smell, the nectar, the bright colors of the flowers attract insects. In plants pollinated by insects, pollen is sticky, with an irregular surface, so it easily adheres to the body of bees and bumblebees.
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