^{Sony Nex vg-10, 28mm f/2.5}

Introduction

Dear Citizens of the Hive

Welcome to Mushroom Protocol 06. This posts covers two walks I had. The first, shortly before a sunset. It gave me a lot of energy, like fuel that nourishes the spirit. It felt like an elevating sensation of inhaling super natural power from all the terpenes that trees emit. I just love that fresh pine scent. It's not just the aroma, but the rejuvenating biophilia effect of walking in a forest that feels like trees give us so many indescribably good vibes. On the second walk, I went for a longer walk to see the biggest Oak in Zürich.

First Walk

Off this path I came across some pink saprophytic mushrooms.

^{Any guesses for #1 in the comments?}

After that I came across a really strange hairy mushroom.

^{Any guesses for #2 in the comments?}

Stepping through another sea of bramble-berry bushes, I arrived to different parts of the forest once more.

^{Any guesses for #3 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #4 in the comments?}

At times certain soil makes me wonder how acidic they might be and about the rhizosphere beneath and the mycobiome.

^{Any guesses for #5 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #6 in the comments?}

There are often such interesting shapes in nature. How mind boggling to imagine that we put things into our bodies, while fungi goes into a body releasing digestive enzymes into their food? Digesting externally. Hyphae, which are the filamentous structure of a fungus consist of oomycete, or actinobacterium and are collectively called mycelium. The Hyphae of mycelium are very interesting. They can grow 960 meters in 24 hours.

I came out the other side.

I guess I had to turn back now, as it was going to get dark soon.

Second Walk

As I mentioned in one of my previous posts, the code of arms in the town I'm form is a unicorn.

I get it, Shinobis and Unicorns...Trust me! they don't exist ;)

The place actually had an old Roman Fort with knights that carried this code of arms. The town still maintained it as their code of arms to date. They just changed it up a bit to make it look more modern than the original.

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Just to give you a little idea, I took a maps screenshot of three forests that are next to each other, separated by two roads. Basically, one can walk approximately 7 km through just forest, cross only one small road and then reach the largest Oak tree in Zürich. On my way there, I also decided to go off forest foot paths, taking detours through the bushes. I embarked on this journey with @tandava.

^{Any guesses for #7 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #8 in the comments?}

At times some biomes feel to me like alien planets. I haven't been on any in my waking states, but I travelled to so many places on our planet, that even within a local forest one can find strange vegetation. Specially when rich in ferns, confer forests really energise me in all sorts of ways, specially visually. It's like the green color soothes my heart. Every season has it's air quality. I wonder how far through space all this biological material must have travelled on meteorites in the form or cryogenically frozen organic molecules to reach here. Also from what strange planets they must have originated. Panspermia, my microbial host epiorganisms.

^{Any guesses for #9 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #10 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #11 in the comments?}

In the middle of a big chunk of forest off path we encountered a hunting scaffold camouflaged between two very dense patches of these woods.

^{Any guesses for #12 in the comments?}

^{Any guesses for #13 in the comments?(already covered)}

Interesting what one finds in the middle of a forest. A home, specially build for bees.

^{Any guesses for #14 in the comments?}

Recap

In my previous post Mushroom Protocol 05 , we went over 3 mushrooms.
Namely:

The Armilliria ostoyae, Dark Honey Fungus
The Laccaria Amethystina, amethyst deceiver
The Omphalotus illudens, eastern jack-o'lantern

So far we covered:

The Scleroderma citrinum or earthball
The Craterellus cornucopioides or horn of plenty
The lycoperdon or puffball
The Boletus calopus, bitter beech bolete or scarlet-stemmed bolete
The Hygrocybe punicea, Crimson or waxycap
The Hypholoma fasciculare, sulphur tuft
The Hericium Erinaceus, Lion's Mane
The Gyroporus castaneus, chestnut bolete
The Stabilomyces Stabilaceus, old man of the woods
The Hydnum repandum, hedgehog mushroom
The Hericium Erinaceus, Lion's Mane
The Coprinopsis atramentaria, ink cap
The Hericium cirrhatum, tiered tooth fungus
The Clitocybe nuda, wood blewit
The Armilliria ostoyae, Dark Honey Fungus
The Laccaria Amethystina, amethyst deceiver
The Omphalotus illudens, eastern jack-o'lantern

^{While identifying mushrooms one should be very careful and consult the advice of a specialist. Mushrooms that aren't identified properly and ingested can cause intestinal stress, could be very toxic or even poisonous. In some cases they can even cause death. This blog content is only for personal and educational purposes and not a guide on mushroom picking.}

Mushrooms

Last time we covered the armallaria ostoyae aka Dark Honey Fungus. Known as the biggest organism on earth, I really like it's taste when consumed quite young. Of course after cooking.

Clitocybe nebularis, Clouded Agaric

This mushroom smells very intense and I would actually refrain from eating it when I smell it. Although I really must say the acquired taste is very special. I made a sunflower cream, white wine sauce with carrots and thyme. Note: I only take a few for the taste. Too many can upset the stomach.

Class	Agaricomycetes
Division	Basidiomycota
Family	Tricholomataceae
Order	Agaricales
Scientific Name	Clitocybe Nebularis
Common Name	clouded agaric or cloud funnel
Appearence	Convex or conical at first, the caps of this large mushroom take up to a month to expand fully. Eventually they flatten out and often become slightly funnel-shaped with a wavy margin which usually remains downturned or even slightly inrolled. When fully expanded, caps of the Clouded Funnel range from 6 to 20cm in diameter and are grey, often with a cloud-like pattern in the central region. The surface is often covered with a pale felt-like bloom. The gills are white becoming pale cream with age, the crowded gills of Clitocybe nebularis are adnate or slightly decurrent to the stem. the stem can get 2 to 3cm in diameter and with a swollen base, the solid stem of the Clouded Funnel is 6 to 12cm tall, smooth and slightly paler than the cap. Source
Type	Mycorrhizal
Odeur	Sweet fruity smell (although some people detect an odour of turnip)
Culinary	Only 2-3 are enough. Taste is not everyones Make sure to cook in water and remove water
Habitat	Smells like anis. Cook well before eating. Not for everyone.
Taste	Almost reddish like.
Medicinal properties	Current knowledge of the medicinal properties of Basidiomycetes mushroom species of the genus Clitocybe and of the biological activity of C. nebularis fruiting bodies is reviewed. The main focus is the therapeutic potential of lectins from C. nebularis. Species of the genus Clitocybe, including C. nebularis, have not been traditionally considered as medicinal mushrooms; however, recent studies have demonstrated their antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative properties, their antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal) activities against various bacteria and fungi, as well as their potential use in therapy for alcoholism and as psychotropic agents. These activities have been shown to be due to various compounds, either isolated or in extracts, mainly polysaccharides but also phenols, ribonucleosides, and proteins. These include laccase, protease inhibitors, and lectins. C. nebularis has been shown to be rich in a variety of lectins and isolectins with distinct carbohydrate-binding specificities, showing versatile biological activities. They exhibit immunostimulatory and adhesion-/phagocytosis-promoting properties, as well as toxicity in various invertebrates. Mushroom species of the genus Clitocybe, including C. nebularis, thus constitute a valuable source of compounds showing diverse biological activities with a broad potential for applications in biomedicine or biotechnology. On the basis of such evidence reviewed here, we propose that C. nebularis and other Clitocybe species can be considered to be medicinal mushrooms. Source Anti-oxidant Most people can eat cloud funnel with no trouble, though a large minority cannot. Even stranger, descriptions of both the taste and the scent vary from very positive to very negative, apparently because of variations among humans, not variations among the mushroom[vi]. There is some precedent; cilantro famously tastes like soap to people with a specific genetic difference. For those who can eat cloud funnel safely and do like it, its most obvious benefit is excellent taste. Nutritional information is not readily available, though most edible mushrooms are healthy. The species is not a traditional medicinal, but chemical studies of the mushroom have found a number of substances known to have medicinal potential. Preliminary research on the species suggests the following benefits[vii]: * Anti-tumor effects * Antimicrobial effects * Immunomodulatory properties * Immunostimulatory properties * Anti-oxidative properties * Use in treatment for alcoholism * Use as an insecticide It’s worth pointing out that a mushroom’s status as a source of medicinal substances does not always indicate that eating the mushroom is also medicinal. Sometimes the dose available is just too low except in a concentrated extract. In any case, this species has not been extensively tested in humans yet. Source

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Amanita Muscaria, Fly Agaric

Some of us know that Santas elf or gnome helpers seem to have been under the influence of this mushroom. We are not talking about magic mushrooms here. I was always curious of the effects of this mushroom, but I don't think it's a good idea to ingest it. I'd be glad for anyones experience with this, as I would never dare to try.

Class	Agaricomycetes
Family	Amanitaceae
Order	Agaricales
Division	Basidiomycota
Scientific Name	Amanita muscaria
Common Name	fly agaric
Appearence	The cap of Amanita muscaria ranges from 10 to 20cm diameter at maturity; red or occasionally orange (and very rarely a white form is seen: it does not have red spots, although some picture-book Fly Agarics are depicted in this way!). Caps usually flatten or even become slightly concave when fully developed, but occasionally the Fly Agaric remains broadly convex. Caps of the Fly Agaric usually retain irregular, white fragments of the universal veil, but in wet weather they can wash off even while the caps are young and domed - as see on the left. In all but the driest of weather, Amanita muscaria caps flatten at maturity. When damaged, the flesh just below the pellicle (the skin of the cap) of a Fly Agaric is initially white but soon turns yellow on exposure to air.Source
Habitat	In common with most Amanita species, and with all common amanitas that occur in Britain, Amanita muscaria is ectomycorrhizal. The Fly Agaric forms mycorrhizal associations with a range of hardwood and softwood trees, notably birches, pines and spruces.Source
Type	Mycorrhizal
Odeur	Not distinctive
Culinary	inedible

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Pholiota squarrosa, shaggy scalycap

Class	Agaricomycetes
Division	Basidiomycota
Order	Agaricales
Family	Strophariaceae
Genus	Pholiota
Scientific Name	Pholiota squarrosa
Common Name	shaggy scalycap
Appearence	Caps of Pholiota squarrosa are 4 to 12cm in diameter; yellow-ochre or straw-yellow; covered in upturned triangular brown scales in more or less concentric rings.Convex at first, the caps flatten with age but retain an in-rolled margin.The cap flesh is very pale yellow, and it is quite firm. The gills crowded and adnate. They appear are pale greyish yellow at first, becoming cinnamon as the spores mature. The stem is 7 to 15mm in diameter and 6 to 15cm tall. It has a distinctly scaly ring below which it is covered in scales very similar to those on the cap. The upper section of the stem above the ring is paler and smooth. A cortina-like veil covers the young gills Source
Habitat	Typically they grow on alkaline soil particularly around Beech trees. Saprobic or possibly weakly parasitic; In small clusters at the base of stumps or standing living or dead broad-leaf trees, particularly beech; also occasionally at the base of conifer stumps.Source
Odeur	Smells and tastes like radish (a slightly bitter taste).
Culinary	Anis taste. Nice when fried. Poeple compare it to chicken when marinaded with the right spices
Medicinal Properties	Antitumor effects Polysaccharides extracted from the mycelial culture of P. adiposa and administered intraperitoneally into white mice at a dosage of 300 mg/kg inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich solid cancers by 70% and 60%, respectively (Ohtsuka et al., 1973). The antitumor potential of P. adiposa was later corroborated in a Korean study using an antitumor screening test involving Sarcoma 180 cells transplanted into mice. Mice which were injected with a million Sarcoma 180 cells, and then one day later injected with the alcohol-precipitated polysaccharides from a hot-water extract of the fat Pholiota (at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight per day for 10 days) had an inhibition ratio of 27.3%, compared to the mice that didn’t get the mushroom extract (Chung et al., 1982). Furthermore, it has been shown that treatment of Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice with P. adiposa polysaccharides resulted in decreased tumor weights, increased carbon particle clearance and phagocytic indices, and significantly higher serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2, compared with untreated controls. The authors suggest that the anti-tumor activity of P. adiposa polysaccharide is related to immune system enhancement (Zhao et al., 2007) Antimicrobial effects The 60% methanolic extract of Pholiota adiposa exhibited antimicrobial activity, shown by using both the disc-diffusion and broth dilution methods (Dulger et al., 2004). Specifically, the extract (at 25 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis (17.0/7.0/1.25), Escherichia coli (19.0/28.2/0.625), Klebsiella pneumonia (11.8/22.4/5.0), Staphylococcus aureus (18.6/19.8/1.25), Streptococcus pyogenes (11.0/18.0/2.5), and Mycobacteria smegmatis (20.4/16.0/0.625); the three numbers in parentheses indicate the zone of inhibition (mm), the zone of inhibition of the control antibiotic Gentamicin at 2 mg/ml, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml). Antihypertensive effects Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have shown utility in relieving or preventing hypertension. P. adiposa was shown to inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) (Izawa et al., 2006). Also, an ACE inhibitor, identified as a novel pentapeptide (amino acid sequence Gly-Glu-Gly-Gly-Pro) was isolated from the fruiting body of Pholiotoa adiposa. Maximal ACE inhibitory activity (IC50; 0.25 mg) was obtained with a protracted warm water extraction (30°C for 12h); after extensive purification, this activity increased to an IC50 of 0.044 mg (Koo et al., 2006). Researchers used a combination of the herb Lycii fructus and P. adiposa to produce a traditional Korean rice wine with antihypertensive properties (Kim et al., 2006). The addition of 1% L. fructus and 0.1% P. adiposa fruiting bodies into the mash prior to fermentation produced a wine which had an antihypertensive ACE inhibitory activity of 82%. Antihyperlipidemia Investigating the effect of a P. adiposa extract on fat mass in hyperlipidemic mice on a high-fat diet, one study concluded this mushroom may have potential for use as a functional food that can act as a prophylactic against hyperlipidemia. Although the extracts did not cause any significant change in the total triglyceride contents nor the epididymal fat mass, the retroperitoneal fat decreased significantly decreased in mice on the high-fat diet (Cho et al., 2006). Excessive retroperitoneal fat mass is typical in males with upper-body obesity (Arner, 1997). Source

Conclusions

Most Fungi will become subject of philogenetic DNA sequencing and one might change their latin names over time. After chartering this forest extensively, I realise how little I know about the vastness of local forest biomes. Further exploring unchartered landscapes, I will try to take you on more such journeys. If you ever land up close to the airport in Zürich, this walk is literally around the corner. Unfortunately, there is although way too much annoying airplane traffic above certain parts of these forests.

Destination

Source

Reaching the tree, it spans a circumference 6.2 Meters. This tree isn't just huge. It's as if you can feel it when you enter the forest. As if all the other surrounding trees are worshipping it.

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I wanted to make a separate post about this tree. So here are some Pictures I took when the sun already set.

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Thank you for reading

Best Wishes
Rane

Previous Posts on Mushrooms:

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Posts about Wild Herbs:

Allium Ursinum - Wild Garlic

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^{Graffiti of vanishing
Dong Chang 东厂
aka Rane}

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Once darkness vanishes, something becomes visible. One must shed light on the unknown, while the known fades as ephemeral. If there is too much light it's all just white. So bright is the universe of the unknown to humans. Now is everything, yet what it morphs into is exotic, unchartered or nothing yet. Space is everything that can be created out of the void of emptiness. We can do the undone because the impossible is untried. Left behind, the now opens everything. -@yangyanje

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