Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside it.The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility. Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation. Pain during sex is also common. Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected.Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel symptoms. About 25% of women have no symptoms.Endometriosis can have both social and psychological effects.
The cause is not entirely clear.Risk factors include having a family history of the condition. Most often the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries are affected; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body.The areas of endometriosis bleed each month, resulting in inflammation and scarring.The growths due to endometriosis are not cancer. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms in combination with medical imaging. Biopsy is the most sure method of diagnosis.Other causes of similar symptoms include pelvic inflammatory disease, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia.
Tentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contraceptives reduces the risk of endometriosis.Exercise and avoiding large amounts of alcohol may also be preventative.There is no cure for endometriosis, but a number of treatments may improve symptoms.This may include pain medication, hormonal treatments, or surgery. The recommended pain medication is usually an NSAID such as naproxen. Taking the active component of the birth control pill continuously or using an intrauterine device with progestogen may also be useful. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may improve the ability of those who are infertile to get pregnant. Surgical removal of endometriosis may be used to treat those whose symptoms are not manageable with other treatments.
Endometriosis is estimated to occur in roughly 6–10% of women. It is most common in those in their thirties and forties; however, can begin in girls as early as 8 years old. It results in few deaths with this being estimated at 200 globally in 2013.Endometriosis was first determined to be a separate condition in the 1920s. Before that time endometriosis and adenomyosis were considered together. It is unclear who first described the disease.