Jerome Powell has twenty-six days left.
On May 15, his term as Federal Reserve Chair expires, and with it ends one of the stranger tenures in the institution's history — a man who spent four years fighting the inflation nobody at the Fed saw coming, who held rates higher for longer than markets ever wanted, who got criminally investigated over a building renovation, and who will now hand the keys to Kevin Warsh during an active Middle East war while oil gyrates $10 a barrel in either direction depending on what Abbas Araghchi said in the last six hours.
The Senate Banking Committee holds Warsh's confirmation hearing Tuesday. The timing is, depending on your disposition, either darkly comic or historically significant. Possibly both.
Let's establish what Warsh is walking into, because the institutional context matters more than his biography.
The Fed's current rate sits at 3.5–3.75%, following cuts totalling 175 basis points since September 2024. The dot plot from the March meeting projected one cut this year, maybe one more in 2027, with the long-run rate settling around 3.1%. Seven of nineteen FOMC participants at the March meeting thought rates should stay unchanged through year-end — one more than December. That's not a committee hungry to ease. That's a committee watching an oil-driven supply shock feed into CPI projections and quietly moving the goalposts.
The Cleveland Fed's nowcast has inflation climbing steadily from February into April. The US economy shed 92,000 jobs in February — against a consensus expectation of plus 50,000. Q4 GDP came in at 0.7% annualised, against an original forecast of 2.5%. The IMF's April World Economic Outlook revised global growth to 3.1% for 2026. At the same meeting minutes, FOMC participants described the Middle East war as having "raised the uncertainty surrounding their outlook" and "increased the associated downside risks" to economic activity.
This is the portfolio Kevin Warsh inherits: slowing growth, sticky inflation, a labor market showing early fractures, and a geopolitical shock that has both a supply channel and a demand channel and is still not resolved. Every central banker's nightmare isn't a recession or an inflation spike in isolation. It's the scenario where the tools that fight one make the other worse.
Powell called it publicly: the dual mandate is in tension. He resisted the word stagflation, pointing out, correctly, that unemployment in the low fours is not the double-digit catastrophe of the 1970s. But the structure of the problem — negative supply shock driving prices up while demand softens — is the same shape, if not the same magnitude. Warsh, arriving fresh, will be asked to name it. His first press conference will involve a question about stagflation. How he answers it will move markets more than any dot plot.
The peculiar wrinkle in all of this is the confirmation fight itself.
Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina has said, repeatedly and on the record, that he will not vote to confirm Warsh until the DOJ's criminal investigation into Powell — over the Fed's multi-billion dollar headquarters renovation — is resolved. Republicans hold a razor-thin majority in the Banking Committee. Tillis's vote is not optional.
So the Trump administration finds itself in the position of running a criminal probe against its own outgoing Fed Chair while simultaneously needing that probe resolved quickly enough to confirm his replacement before May 15. The DOJ investigation was Trump's leverage over Powell. Now it's blocking Warsh. Jeanine Pirro, the US Attorney for DC, has pledged to continue the case despite setbacks. This is not a situation that resolves cleanly on a schedule.
What happens if Warsh isn't confirmed by May 15? The Fed doesn't go dark — Powell would technically remain as a governor, and the FOMC still meets April 28–29. But the Chair seat would be vacant, and Trump has been explicit: he told Fox Business this week that if Powell doesn't step aside when his term ends, he'll fire him. Whether a president can legally remove a Fed Chair for policy disagreements remains constitutionally unresolved. Testing that question in the middle of a war and an oil shock would be, to use the technical term, suboptimal for market confidence.
The 10-year Treasury has already absorbed significant stress over the past month. The dollar index moved above 100 in March. Gold has run. Emerging market spreads widened. Some of that is the war. Some of it is this: investors pricing in the non-trivial probability that the world's most powerful central bank changes leadership mid-crisis in a legally disputed and politically charged manner. That's not a risk you can easily hedge.
Warsh's actual policy views are the subject of genuine analytical disagreement, which is somewhat unusual for a Fed chair nominee. He wrote the foreword to "Dow 36,000" — co-authored with Kevin Hassett — which is the kind of credential that follows a man like a low-frequency hum. He was a governor during the financial crisis and was subsequently critical of the Fed's asset purchase programs, arguing they distorted markets and subsidized fiscal excess. That sounds like an inflation hawk. But Trump nominated him precisely because he wants lower rates. The market's initial read, back in January when the nomination was announced, was cautiously positive.
What Warsh actually does once confirmed depends on facts that don't yet exist: how the war ends, what happens to oil, what the May CPI print says, what the April jobs report shows two weeks from now. But the structural situation almost certainly constrains him more than his preferences. The FOMC votes by committee. Wells Fargo's analysts made the point clearly after the nomination: even if a new chair wanted aggressive rate cuts, the consensus of twelve voting members would resist any move unwarranted by the economic data. The institution is more durable than its chair. That was true under Volcker. True under Greenspan. True under Bernanke when he inherited Greenspan's housing bubble and had to burn the furniture to heat the building.
The question for Warsh isn't whether he'll try to ease aggressively. It's whether he can credibly communicate a coherent framework to markets at a moment when the framework itself — 2% inflation target, dual mandate, data dependence — is being stress-tested by a war that has taken a fifth of global seaborne oil supply offline and then turned it back on and then turned it back off again in the space of thirty-six hours.
Central bank credibility is not an abstract concept. It lives in inflation expectations, which live in bond markets, which live in the 10-year yield, which determines the cost of every mortgage, corporate bond, and government fiscal calculation on earth. When credibility is intact, central banks can guide markets with language alone — the famous Draghi "whatever it takes" did not require a single euro of actual intervention to hold the eurozone together in 2012. When it frays, language becomes noise, and markets start testing what the institution will actually do under pressure.
Powell leaves with credibility largely intact, which is remarkable given how wrong the Fed was on "transitory" in 2021. The institution recovered it the hard way — with 525 basis points of hikes that no one in 2021 would have predicted. Warsh inherits that rebuilt credibility, but also inherits the moment most likely to erode it: a regime change in leadership, an unresolved war, a supply shock with unclear duration, and a White House that has publicly and repeatedly argued the Fed should cut rates faster.
Twenty-six days. The hearing starts Tuesday.
If history is instructive — and it usually is, with a lag — the most consequential central bank transitions happen not during the transition itself, but in the first six months after it, when markets learn whether the new leadership responds to pressure the same way the old one did. Volcker's credibility wasn't established by his appointment in 1979. It was established by his willingness to let the federal funds rate hit 20% in 1981 while the economy bled. No one is predicting a 1981 moment. But every Fed chair eventually faces theirs.
Warsh's will probably come sooner than he'd like.
