Jerome Powell's last day as Federal Reserve chair is Friday. Eight years. Three presidents, technically, though the third one spent most of his tenure trying to have Powell fired, investigated, and replaced by someone more pliable. He didn't fully succeed on any of those fronts. And yet here we are.
Kevin Warsh was confirmed Wednesday, 54-45. The most partisan vote for a Fed chair in history. One Democrat crossed over — John Fetterman of Pennsylvania, which says something about Fetterman and rather more about the Democratic Party's strategic incoherence on financial institutions. The rest voted no, though their objections had the hollow ring of people who knew they'd lost before the gavel came down.
This is the moment worth sitting with. Not the confirmation itself — that was decided months ago, when the Justice Department quietly dropped its criminal probe of Powell and Sen. Thom Tillis of North Carolina withdrew his hold on the nomination. The sequence there is worth reading carefully: DOJ opens investigation into Powell over renovation cost overruns at Fed headquarters; Tillis blocks Warsh's committee vote in protest; U.S. Attorney Jeanine Pirro drops the investigation; Tillis relents; Warsh gets confirmed. The renovation costs were the stated reason. The renovation costs were not the reason.
What you're watching is the slow institutional reformatting of the last genuinely independent macroeconomic policymaking body in the American government. And markets, for the most part, are fine with it.
Warsh is not a simpleton. That's the first thing the record requires acknowledging, because the temptation is to frame this as a competence story and it isn't. He served on the Fed's board from 2006 to 2011, including through the financial crisis. He's a Stanford lecturer. He has real views on monetary theory, some of which are defensible — his skepticism of quantitative easing, his instinct that the Fed's balance sheet expansion created distortions that were never fully unwound. None of that is crazy.
The problem is subtler. It lives in the phrase "regime change."
Warsh used those words on CNBC last year. He was calling for regime change at the central bank. Not policy adjustment. Not recalibration. Regime change. That is a phrase borrowed from geopolitics, and its use was intentional. It signals not a tweak to the inflation target or a revised dot plot but a wholesale reconception of what the institution is for and who it serves.
Trump has made no secret of what he expects. Warsh has argued there is room to cut rates. He is inheriting a situation in which April CPI came in at 3.8% year-over-year — up from 3.3% in March — and PPI surged 6% annually on the back of an oil shock that has shut in more than 14 million barrels per day globally. The forward market has not priced a 2026 cut since Tuesday's CPI print landed. The 10-year yield is at its highest point of the year. The 30-year has crossed 5%.
If Warsh cuts into this — and Trump will apply pressure to do exactly that — the bond market will have something to say about it. History has opinions about central bankers who loosen into supply-driven inflation shocks. Arthur Burns has opinions. They are not pleasant opinions.
What makes this moment genuinely unusual is the stacking of variables. In prior cycles, you could usually isolate the stress. 1994: rates rising too fast, bond market tantrum, equities wobble, resolve. 2018: Fed tightening, Trump Twitter pressure, Powell pivots, markets recover. Each time, the system had slack somewhere — fiscal space, geopolitical stability, inflation anchored, global demand cooperative. You could pull one lever and see clear water.
The 2026 stack doesn't have that luxury. You have an active shooting war in the Middle East that has functionally closed one of the world's critical energy chokepoints. You have a U.S. administration simultaneously fighting that war, negotiating with China in Beijing, and installing a Fed chair whose main qualification — in the president's eyes — is willingness to cut. You have a forward P/E on the S&P 500 sitting at 20.9, above its five- and ten-year averages, propped up almost entirely by a semiconductor complex that has decided the laws of monetary gravity don't apply to it. You have a dollar strengthening into an inflation shock, which is the right trade until it suddenly becomes the wrong one.
And starting Friday, you have a new Fed chair walking into all of it on his first day.
Powell will stay on the board as a governor. His term there runs until January 2028. The last time a Fed chair remained on the board after stepping down was nearly eighty years ago — the 1940s, when the institution was still functionally an arm of Treasury, keeping rates suppressed to finance war debt. The parallel is not comforting. Powell, who spent the better part of two years defending central bank independence from the same administration that now controls the institution, will sit at the same table as the man appointed to undo his work.
That is a strange arrangement. It is also a very deliberate one. Powell said publicly he felt he had "no choice" but to stay, citing the need to see the renovation investigation through to its close. Whether you read that as principled institutional commitment or something more personal, the result is identical: the outgoing chair will watch his replacement operate, from inside the building, in real time.
For Warsh, that presence is either irrelevant or it isn't. The bond market will decide which.
Rates have not moved. Powell's last act, in April, was to hold. The hawks on the committee dissented. The logic was clear: CPI accelerating, energy shock unresolved, inflation expectations not yet broken but visibly stressed. Cutting into that would have been an act of either courage or recklessness, and Powell, whatever his faults, was not a reckless man.
Warsh takes over at 4.33% on the fed funds rate. The market is not pricing a cut before 2027. Trump is expecting one before year-end. The distance between those two positions is where the story lives now.
Eight years of one tenure ends Friday morning. The man who wanted regime change gets the keys at 8 a.m.
The bond market opens at 8 a.m. too.
