Butterfly Life and Macro Photos

The survival of butterflies from the egg to imago phases is influenced by various factors, both biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors. These factors include:

1. Host plants and produce nectar (feed)

Host plants are plants that are used as butterfly larvae feed. Distribution and abundance of larval feed sources is one of the important factors that influence the survival of butterfly larvae. Butterfly Larval Host Plant use in a Tropical Urban Context: Life History Associations, Herbivory, and Landscape Factors – Journal Of Insect Science source

The higher the abundance, the greater the availability of larvae feed. Feed distribution influences the availability of space in finding feed, and the distribution of butterfly species.

Nectar-producing plants also greatly affect the survival of butterfly butterflies, because the main food is flower nectar. A decrease in nectar plants also would reduce adult abundance in the following year because nectar abundance limits egg production. On the Wings of Checkerspots: A Model System for Population Biology - Book Online source The more liquid nectar available, the more imago come to visit the place.

2. Other organisms

An organism always depends on other organisms in its life. The presence of microorganisms should be correlated with the occurrence of a Symbiosis interactions between organisms of different species. Biology of the Prokaryotes - Book Online source The presence of other organisms will cause interactions that are both harmful and beneficial.

Butterflies need plants as a place to find food, shelter from the rain, the heat of the sun, and organisms that threaten their lives. Other organisms that can threaten the survival of butterflies include predators, competitors, parasitoids and pathogenic organisms.

	Butterflies
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3. Climate

a. Temperature

Living things can only live and multiply within a certain temperature range. The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Book Online sourcetterflies are poikilothermal organisms whose body temperature depends on the temperature of the surrounding environment.

Changes in air temperature can affect the metabolic processes of insects. Butterflies need warm temperatures to fly.

Warming rate and equilibrium excess temperatures were recorded by means of microthermistors on the cuticle. Living, dead, and dried specimens were irradiated partly and totally. If the wings are shaded, the excess body temperature is reduced by about 30 per cent.The rôle of butterfly wings in regulation of body temperature - source

Most types of butterflies maintain their body temperature at 30o-35oC. Insect activity will be faster and more efficient at high temperatures, but will reduce insect life span.

High temperatures will inhibit metabolism or cause death in some insects, but insects that live in the desert can reduce the metabolic rate so that it can survive in areas with limited amounts of food and water.

If the temperature is below or above the optimal state, it will cause insect death in the near future. Some insects can adapt to extreme environments by diapause. The minimum air temperature that allows insects to survive is -30oC.

	Butterflies
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b. Humidity

Humidity is a very important climate factor. Humidity can affect the breeding, growth, development and activeness of insects.

Insects will continue to consume water from their environment, and vice versa, he will continue to release water from his body through the process of excretion. Effects of temperature -PDF source The ability of insects to withstand the humidity of the surrounding air is different for each type and stage of development. Humidity can affect the growth of host plants, and indirectly impact on insect populations.

The influence of fungi, viruses and bacteria on insects will also differ according to the humidity. Wet conditions can facilitate the growth and distribution of fungi, viruses and bacteria that affect insect populations.

Rainfall and high frequency of rain can interfere with growth and development and can even cause death in butterflies that cannot stand high humidity.

Butterfly species that are resistant will continue to multiply, so it is likely to become the dominant type. Butterflies generally like habitats with a humidity of around 64-94%, existence source such as clear river areas, under tree stands, or around moist caves.

c. Light intensity

The activity of some insects is influenced by the response to light, so there are insects that are active in the morning, afternoon, evening or night

Changes in light intensity can be said to be an important factor that can bring animals to life in places with appropriate temperature and humidity . Fluctuations in light intensity and daily light quality can affect air temperature, humidity, food and so on.

Butterflies, especially those of the Papilionoidea superfamily, love light. Light is needed to dry the wings of the butterfly as it exits the cocoon. Light will provide heat energy to the body, so that body temperature increases and metabolism becomes faster.

An increase in body temperature will accelerate the development of butterfly larvae. All about Butterflie Ssource Butterfly wings play a role in regulating b ody heat .

In cold weather the butterfly increases the frequency of sunbathing and the opening of its wings to collect heat energy from sunlight to increase body temperature. When body temperature rises, I will look for shelter

	Butterflies
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4. Natural damage

Natural damage that destroys butterfly habitats causes butterflies to migrate in search of better habitats.

The natural damage such as landslides, long drought, floods and other things that cause damage to nutrients, especially host plants and food needed by butterflies.

Natural damage such as landslides, long droughts, floods and other things that cause damage to nutrients. Land erosion has taken place, especially in parts of Central Aceh and is very lively bordering the location of very heavy rainfall.

Areas around small river basins in secondary forest areas in "Aceh TengaH" and Bener Meriah", especially host plants and feed needed by butterflies.

	Butterflies
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5. Damage by humans

Damage to habitat by humans is an important factor and may be the biggest cause of its influence on population decline or even the extinction of a butterfly species. The Disappearance of Butterflies source

The causes of this damage include cutting down trees that disturb soil moisture and air, picking up leaves, fruit, and wood branches that are not selected causing competition in feed on butterfly larvae, or stepping on plants where the eggs and larvae of butterflies are located.

The location shows that there are still uses of forest products by local residents. Residents use forest products in the area for livestock activities, agriculture, even illegal logging and hunting of animals that are in the area that should be protected.