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This post I will discuss about the making of irrigation channels and sa benefits
HOW TO MAKE IRRIGATION Irrigation channels are part of the weir that serves to deliver water from the weir to the patches of fields that will be in water. The following is general irrigation work: The main work is the creation of irrigation channels consisting of the main tract, secondary channel sub-secondary channel and water regulator building The location of the work is very wide, because the total length of irrigation canals that can be made tens of kilometers Dominant work is the work of the land , in the form of soil excavation work, landfill work or a combination of both the cut and fill job The work will be heavy equipment and very dependent on the weather (rainy season / dry season) Due to the vast location, the possibility of social problems is very large The order of implementation of irrigation works Preparatory work - Preparation of temporary contractor's fascilities, site office, warehouse, work shop, open storage, staff quarter, labor house - Section measurement Longitudinal section measurement, to search for channel tracts and land acquisition limits Measurement cross section, to design channel elevation and seb agai basis calculation of the calculation of the volume of soil work - Heavy equipment mobilization work - Soil work - Concrete lining work - Waterwork building structural work - Roadwork inspection - Waterworks Matters Things to note As much as possible using the excavation material for the heap Before the heap is done, stripping first surface of topsoil so that no settlement occurs First done all the structures in the embankment location, before the pile is done, usually in the embankment location there is drainage / box culvert Created mass hauling diagram so that the average hauling distance can be determined and for the needs of the number of dump trucks can be planned If the hauling distance is too far (more than 5 km), to be considered the embankment material is taken from the nearest borrow area Ground work stripping work, removing the bad top soil, so that the heap does not decrease Heap work, stockpile locations along the low- n excavated land or from borrow area Excavation works, digging locations along too high channels and excavated soil discharged to a pile or disposal area Work on drainage excavation, digging and forming irrigation canals, after excavation work and heap reaching flat flat table Work trimming slope, digging or adding to the edge of embankment embankment to achieve elevation design
Secondary excavation method Installed profiles at a distance of 25 meters each, so heavy equipment operators have guidelines for excavation Conducted stock spare parts especially fast moving, such as hydraulics hose Held check elevation and the work of the tool every 5 meters, so if it happens errors can be corrected immediately
Method of implementation of lining concrete work Created mall of wood beam with thickness equal to concrete lining (8 cm) Surface alignment using square galvanized pipe, then with cement spoon Created by individual working group, especially for cast land preparation, especially for soil trimming Casting with a chessboard system
Secondary subcharges excavation method Installed profiles at a distance of 25 meters each, so heavy equipment operators have guidelines for channel excavation The shape of the excavator bucket is altered to the shape and size of the channel (trapezoidal shape). In order for excavation can be precision and not much work trimming slope.
IRRIGATION OF IRRIGATION Irrigation is the business of providing and regulating water to support agriculture which kind includes surface water irrigation, groundwater irrigation, pump irrigation and swamp irrigation. All life processes and events in the soil which are the place where the growth medium can only occur when there is water, either acting as a subject or water as a medium (object). The main processes that create soil fertility or otherwise that encourage soil degradation can only take place in the presence of water. Therefore, it is appropriate to say that water is the source of life. Irrigation means the artificial flow of water from available water sources to a plot of land to meet the needs of the plant. Thus the purpose of irrigation is to drain water regularly according to the needs of the plants when the moisture supply of the soil is not sufficient to support the growth of plants, so that the plants can grow normally. The provision of efficient irrigation water in addition to being influenced by the application procedure, is also determined by the water requirement to achieve the water conditions available to the plants.
CAUSE OF DROUGHT AND HOW TO HANDLING ON IRRIGATION Geographical location between two continents, and two oceans and located around the equator are the climatological factors of floods and droughts in Indonesia. This geographical position causes Indonesia to be in the hemisphere with a tropical monsoon climate that is very sensitive to the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate anomaly. ENSO causes drought when sea surface temperature conditions in the Pacific Equator to the middle of the east to warm (El Nino). Based on the climate analysis of the last 30 years shows that, there is a tendency to form a new climate pattern that causes the occurrence of climate change. The impact of climate change on the agricultural sector is the shifting of the early dry season which caused the change of cropping pattern due to the drought. Drought Causes Drought-causing factors are: 1) the presence of climate aberrations; 2) the presence of hydrological balance disorder; and 3) agronomic drought. Climatic aberrations, causing the production of water vapor and clouds in parts of Indonesia vary from very high to low or vice versa. This all causes a deviation of the climate against its normal condition. Low amounts of water vapor and cloud will affect rainfall, if rainfall and low rainfall intensity will cause drought. Hydrological balance disturbance, drought is also influenced by the existence of hydrological disturbances such as: 1) the occurrence of degradation of Watershed (DAS), especially the upstream subset of land function from vegetation to non-vegetation causing disruption of groundwater infiltration system; 2) hydrological damage of upstream catchments causes the reservoirs and irrigation channels to be filled with sediment, so that the capacity of the water supply decreases sharply; 3) the low reservoir of reservoir water stored in the rainy season due to silting causes the dry season water reserve is very low, causing the drought. Agronomic drought, occurs as a result of farmers' habit of imposing rice cultivation in the dry season with insufficient water availability. Drought-prone areas Common drought occurs in the following areas: 1) rainfed agricultural areas; 2) irrigation area of class 3; 3) wild honey areas; and 4) drought endemic areas Drought impact Drought impacts include: 1) lower / lower / puso plant production even causing dead plants to the detriment of farmers; 2) Because low production in real terms suffers substantial material and financial losses and, if they occur widely, threatens national food security; 3) causes hydrological disruption of the environment resulting in water shortages in the dry season. Drought management category Drought area management is generally divided into three categories: 1) drought-affected areas of the same location, the area generally occurs in the lower reaches of irrigated areas, areas where irrigation sources rely solely on river flow (no reservoirs) and rainfed lowland areas with alternative water sources (waste water, shallow groundwater); 2) the area where the paddy field is drought is greater than or equal to the safe area of drought, the area can occur in the middle / downstream of the irrigation area and the area where the irrigation source only relies on river flow (there is no reservoir) and no difficulty to get alternative water source for irrigation; and 3) the area where the rice field is less drought-prone than the safe area, the area is generally still there are alternative water sources for irrigation although the amount is still lacking. The importance of drought management Drought needs to be managed with the following considerations: 1) the continued increase in the area of drought-affected fields so as to impact on the decrease of production to crop failure; 2) the occurrence of drought in the same year during climate anomalies and normal climatic conditions; 3) the re-anomalous period of climate tends to be random, making it difficult to adapt; 4) recurrent drought of the same year in the same location; 5) the impact of climate anomalies varies between regions; 6) drought can only be decreased in magnitude and can not be eliminated. With these considerations it is necessary to have planned management with all stakeholders.
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