lipids

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Lipid, any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact appreciably with water.
Fats are just one type of lipid, a category of molecules united by their inability to mix well with water. Lipids tend to be hydrophobic, nonpolar, and made up mostly of hydrocarbon chains.

Lipids are molecules that can be extracted from plants and animals using nonpolar solvents such as ether, chloroform and acetone. Fats (and the fatty acids from which they are made) belong to this group as do other steroids, phospholipids forming cell membrane components.

The common feature of these lipids is that they are all esters of moderate to long chain fatty acids. Acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis yields the component fatty acid, some examples of which are given in the following table, together with the alcohol component of the lipid.

Lipids are important constituent of the diet because they are a source of high energy value. Lipids are also important because of the fat-soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids found in the fat of the natural food stuffs. Body fat serves as a very good source of energy, it is stored in adipose tissues.

The classification of lipids can be structural based or based on their functions. Mainly lipids are classified in five types.
Fatty acyl (FA)
Glycerolipids (GL)
Glycerophospholipids (GP)
Sterol lipids (ST)
Sphengolipids (SP)

1.Fatty acyl (FA):
Fatty acyls, a generic term are used for fatty acids and their derivatives.
The fatty acid composed of one hydrocarbon chain which terminates with a carboxylic acid group.
The carboxyl end is polar and soluble in water; hydrophilic.
The long hydrocarbon chain is non-polar in nature and hydrophobic.

2.Glycerolipids (GL):
Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate group attached to them, and as you're about to learn, these two macromolecules share a very special relationship.

3.Glycerophospholipids (GP):
Glycerolipids are composed mainly of mono-, di- and tri-substituted glycerols, the most well-known being the fatty acid esters of glycerol (triacylglycerols), also known as triglycerides. These comprise the bulk of storage fat in mammalian tissues. Macrocyclic ether lipids also occur as glycerolipids in the membranes of archaebacteria.

source of photo:http://isite.lps.org/sputnam/AdvancedChem/Ch23Lipids/Ch23_notes.htm

4.Sterol lipids (ST):
Sterols may be found either as free sterols, acylated (sterol esters), alkylated (steryl alkyl ethers), sulfated (sterol sulfate), or linked to a glycoside moiety (steryl glycosides) which can be itself acylated (acylated sterol glycosides).
Sterol biosynthesis is nearly ubiquitous among eukaryotes, it is almost completely absent in prokaryotes.

source of photo:http://www.cyberlipid.org/sterols/ster0003.htm

5.Sphengolipids (SP):
Sphingolipids (SP) are a complex class of molecules found in essentially all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes and viruses where they influence membrane structure, intracellular signaling, and interactions with the extracellular environment.