Life cycle of Ustilago Ustilago is a genus of smut fungi.Smuts are called so due to their black spores that resemble soot or smut.Spores masses replace the grain such as wheat.It is a facultative

Life cycle of Puccinia Graminis Tritici Puccinia graminis is the member of fungi.It has many species which are obligate parasite on a wide variety of host.It commonly effects the plant of wheat and also

Dispersal of fruit and seeds As we know, plants are fixed to the ground, therefore they must develop mechanisms for the dispersal of their fruit and seeds.The dispersal of fruits and seeds take place by

The Fruit The stimulation of fertilization causes series of changes in the wall of ovary.The result of these changes is the formation of fruit from ovary and seed from ovule.The ripened ovary is called

Economic importance of Fungi Fungi play an important role in economy.It exhibits both beneficial and harmful effects in our daily life which are important economically.Beneficial roles of fungi are as

Bryophytes: The term Bryophyta “bryo means moss “ amd phyton means “plant”.This term applied to that plants which have flat thallus like plant body.There are no true stem, root, leaves and branches but

The angiosperms The term angiosperm used for “enclosed seeded” plants.Angio means closed and sperm means seed. Angiospermic plant body They are higher plants because of true root, stem, branches, flower,

Structure of Bacterial cell A bacterial cell has many components.Some of these are external and others are internal to the cell wall.Capsules, slime layer, flagella and pilli are the external components.Some

Bacteriophage. Systematic Position: Division: Vira Subdivision: Deoxyvira Class: Deoxybinala Order: Virales Sub-order: Phagineae Name: Bacteriophage Bacteriphages are the viruses of bacteria.They were

Introduction. Tobacco mosaic virus is a disease that infects the tobacco and some other members of nine families which included solanaceae and at least 125 species ,including tobacco,tomato,pepper,cucumber,and