The dialectic has formed over a long historical period, beginning with the thinkers of ancient India, China and Greece, which set the ideological foundations of dialectics. Three historical forms can be justified of the dialectic of antiquity: Hegel's dialectic and the Marxian dialectic. The poem of thought of ancient philosophy has embraced a great variety of questions about the universal variability of everything that exists. They understood it as turning the origin of the world into a variety of different phenomena, as well as turning the different forms of being into one another. Many ancient Greek philosophers were dialectics. Socrates initially introduces into the culture and philosophical meditations the term dialectic, which makes sense and meaning for discovery in the dispute. He possessed this art of perfection.
Portrait of Georg Hegel
Another philosopher who has contributed to the development of ancient dialectics is Heraclitus. He is known for his Pantaire-endorsements - everything is changing. You can not go twice in the same water and more. With the thought is the same. Hegel's dialectics proceeds from objective-idealistic ideas, and therefore his dialectics is called idealistic dialectics.
Karl Marx, having in mind the achievements of Hegel, applies the laws of developing the absolute spirit in the development of matter as the foundation of society and the world, so his dialectics is called materialistic. Materialistic dialectics has two levels of explanation:
The first level is formed by the principles defining the dialectical-materialistic way of understanding the world.
The second level is constituted by the laws of materialistic dialectics.
These are the laws of unity and the struggle of opposites that reveal the source of development. This is the quantity-quality transition law, the change that shows how development evolves.
The Law of Denying the Denial of the Base, which gives the opportunity to explain the direction of development. The principles of dialectics are mostly common ideas that express the conceptual foundations of dialectics.
There are the following principles of dialectics:
1). The principle of development - this is the initial dialectical idea that begins the development of dialectics.
2). The principle of universal interconnection takes place in the materialist dialectic because it provides an explanation for the inner source of development and the external universal scope of material and spiritual life. According to this principle everything in the world is interconnected, but the relationship between the phenomena is different.
This process is related to the idea of reflection and interaction as a dialectical contradiction.
It gives an opportunity to specify the overall picture of the development of the world. According to him, all the phenomena in the world are causal - every phenomenon is a consequence of any reason. He says that nothing can arise from anything or become nothing!
The modern concept related to the development of dialectics is called synergy. This term was first proposed by the German physicist Hacken in 1973 to form the general theory of self-organization and system development, i. in synergy, the principles of movement and systemicity of matter that have received the justifications in dialectics are realized.
The phenomenon of self-organization is explained by the complex interaction of many phenomena. A central place where he finds advanced in complex systems, preserving their equilibrium and sustainability. Synergy is associated with the notion of synergy, which shows the complexity of the interaction of different systems. The law of unity and the fight of opposites reveals the source and the driving force of any development, which is the contradiction. It is related to 3 stages of development, namely the emergence of one's own. The contradiction is mutual to the opposite, and they are different inter-objects, increased others. marginal dimensions that form in a particular substrate. element, part, part of the whole or the system of a thing.
Unity and struggle are two sides to the interaction of opposites.
Three states are characteristic of the controversy:
Harmony is a state in which a sequence of interaction of opposites is established, based on the essential connection between them. Disharmony reflects the presence of certain distortions in the development of the contradiction that they cause to a breach in the functioning of the system. Conflict is a state of development of contradiction when the conflict of opposites reaches a limit, after which destruction of essential relations becomes. The law on the reciprocal transition of quantitative and qualitative changes. According to this law, the development takes place on the path of the quantitative changes that go beyond the measure of the object and cause qualitative changes. The content of this law is revealed using the categories: quality, quantity, property, measure, jump, etc. Quality is the intrinsic certainty of the subject, which expresses its specificity. Property is the category that expresses individual aspects of the subject in the external environment. The quantity is a certain degree of development of the property of the object, related to the characteristic of its qualities. The quality and quantity in the process of development are transformed as qualitative and quantitative changes, conditioned by the nature of connections and interactions, the unity and diversity of everything that exists. In order to understand this law, it is necessary to develop skills for assessing the quality of the observed and managed systems, for the unity or the measure of the changes that take place in them. The Negative Denial Law explains the direction of evolution as a sequence of changing denials. Negative - the transition of an object into a new quality, conditioned by the development of its own internal and external relations and relations. Besides the principles, the laws of dialectics, there are categories of dialectics. Categories in dialect. They are extremely broad concepts, in the content of which appear the universal aspects of the existence and development of the objective world, the initial forms of thinking and development.
There are the following categories of dialectics.
The meaning of dialect. It opens up in every original idea that reveals its purpose.
The mechanism for explaining the changing nature of things, despite its complex, mysterious and multifaceted nature, has its enduring faces, impermanent principles, permanent relationships and relationships, eternal law processes that are the basis for revealing and exploring the essence of man, nature, the world. In this sense, the dialectic is as ancient as new and unknown, related to the future of man and people.
