**Portrait of an Old Woman, 1880** ![Portrait of an Old woman Girolamo Nerli 1860 - 1926 public 1880.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/23tvaT9kxp85ZEY5HmrFRuGPHpccXLjDTgkYPPoew2qAseM12rxAnMB5CVYic37HzDdwh.jpg) _{*Girolamo Nerli (1860-1926). [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Girolamo_Nerli_-_An_old_woman_(study)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)*} The term 'old age' (as in the painting's title, above) is not much in use these days. There are euphemisms for old age. Elderly. Senior citizen. Golden years. Why is that? What is there about old age that we cannot meet head on? The denial of the aging process is pervasive in popular culture. The semantic avoidance of the word 'old' is symptomatic of an overall negative attitude toward aging. This denial of old age has implications for all of us. As Simon de Beauvoir [wrote,](https://aeon.co/essays/simone-de-beauvoir-on-facing-old-age-and-avoiding-bad-faith) "every single member of the community must know that his future is in question". A plethora of research demonstrates that negative expectations of old age affect our own experience with that time in our lives. Here is a quote from a [study published](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974701/) in *Gerontologist*: "People with more negative expectations of future health were less likely to survive". And, from [*The Journals of Gerontology*](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/57/5/P409/609413): "Our study suggests that the way in which individuals view their own aging affects their functional health." **Elderly Man With Umbrella** ![man with umbrella2.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/246b7S2FUMc6pcsYu4X8Es6xnqXS4xdZ796PEGm17tVL4NLMiL6J1UDVWhVBYkjmQPFpz.png) _{*Credit: @agmoore, from the [LIL Gallery of Images](https://www.lmac.gallery/lil-gallery-image/9802). Public domain. This image was captured on a Long Island, New York sidewalk.*} A 2023 article (from [Cal State University, Northridge](https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=78445)) discusses a study that explored attitudes toward aging. The authors of this article found, overall (in a survey sample of Southern California residents), a "clear bias against aging and a general fear of getting old." The authors attribute this attitude partly to "Changes in the political, social, and economic landscape [which] altered perceptions about aging and ultimately decreased the status and position of the elderly in society". Is it true that perceptions of aging have grown more negative over time? Was old age regarded more positively in bygone eras? **Beggaress With Bowl and Stick, 1622** ![Beggaress_with_bowl_and_stick,_Jacques_Callot,_1622,_etching 1592-1635 public.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/23xVeNEea5x5cgeAe5QBHhnuzaTCaasCn7zy6FJ3biiLYp7ppdccmPU3kteRSWnVrJgk5.png) _{*Credit: Jacques Callot (1592-1635). [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beggaress_with_bowl_and_stick,_Jacques_Callot,_1622,_etching,_137_by_88_mm,_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_RP-P-OB-20.929.jpg). The definition of 'old' in the Middle Ages varied. Some defined it as beginning at 40, and some defined it as beginning at 60. The determining factor for deciding whether someone was old or not was generally functional, not chronological age: Can people care for themselves and provide for their economic needs? (Info from the [*Social History of Medicine*](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639284/))*} If we look far back in time, to the Middle Ages, we learn that the past does not offer a rosy picture of old age. In a thesis entitled, [*Attitudes To Old Age and Ageing in Medieval Society*](https://theses.gla.ac.uk/2542/1/2000cumminsphd.pdf), Josephine Cummins (BDS, MA) describes findings that paint a rather brutal attitude toward the old in that era. Basically, the sense derived from the literature she reviewed was that the old should get out of the way and let the young have their turn. Cummins contrasts the idealized version of the past that we hold onto today with the reality that old people experienced in the Middle Ages: >The idea of the handsome old man as wise counsellor which is described in "Mum and the Sothsegger, or the terrible veteran of the Chansons de Geste are medieval versions of a golden old age but they are the stuff of fantasy. **Ogier the Dane From the Chansons de Geste** ![Ogier_the_Dane_-_profile Pedro Cambra from Barcelona, Spain 2.0.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/23tbMTUaDUv8joB3bCf6LG8H8QGYvfPzkC65sSfVHaeLFbQNtAHcAcPqeN5YzgmunnwDG.jpg) _{*Credit: Pedro Cambra from Barcelona. Used under [CC attribution 2.0 generic](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ogier_the_Dane_-_profile.jpg) license. The [Chansons de Geste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste) were narrative poems that described the exploits of medieval heroes*. *[Ogier (Holger) the Dane](https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/08/legend-of-sleeping-hero-holger-danske-viking-warrior-who-never-died/), according to legend, was hundreds of years old and may still be sleeping ;)*} Reality for the old in the Middle Ages: >...the elderly were more often despised as meddlers rather than respected as experienced counsellors if they offered advice to their juniors. and >...The outstanding duty of the elderly person, it seems, was to die at the appropriate time. There is one aspect of aging that has remained consistent over time, according to Cummins. Comfort in old age is largely dependent on circumstance. If the old can take care of themselves and provide for their own material needs, they are regarded more positively. **Katarina Workhouse in Stockholm** (*De fattigas Sverige*), **1881** ![Fattighus Julius Ejdestam De fattigas Sverige 1861.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/EoH1GAK7rCVez2ZLeRHgZEevnm7kHDXXnz4BiTDXAj5XpULYeGL9Yd9Gv5WWSgYznAE.jpg) _{*Credit:Julius Ejdestam [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fattighus.jpg). While the institution depicted above existed to meet the needs of the poor, most of the people depicted are elderly. According to the caption under this picture: "The poorhouses in the cities were more orderly than those on the countryside, but on the other hand, the freedom of the inmates was severely restricted." Inmates!*} In a book review that appeared in the [*Journal of Interdisciplinary History*,](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/183831) historian [Sarah Lloyd](https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/L/S/au69430762.html) bridges the gap between the Middle Ages and Modern times. She reviews the book, *The Decline of Life: Old Age in Eighteenth-Century England*, by Susan Ottaway. In her review Lloyd describes a society in which there is a "...growing significance of numerical age—usually sixty and older—in defining the elderly, and the effects of economic hardship and bureaucratic elaboration in making contemporaries aware of the aged as a dependent group on the margins of society." In sum, the myth of a "premodern Golden Age of Aging" is debunked by the book and in the review. The increasing marginalization of the old described by Lloyd is also noted by Cummins in her research. Cummins sees this as a distinction between the way the old were regarded in the Middle Ages and the way they are regarded today. In the present, she asserts, the marginalization is so great that the old are regarded almost as a 'foreign species' ([phase from]((https://aeon.co/essays/simone-de-beauvoir-on-facing-old-age-and-avoiding-bad-faith)) Simon Beauvoir. **Nursing Home, UK, 2007** ![Paul McIlroy Nursing Home CC BY SA 2.0.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/242rs2GPg7zk9rjRG4M2tavKViY4BKyaEdXPzWjDtbkJ3vZfKaYhVa2QRopc4gYMm87ts.png) _{*Paul McIlroy / Nursing Home / [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nursing_Home_-_geograph.org.uk_-_348578.jpg). The history of this institution perhaps illustrates the marginalization of the elderly as described by Cummins. In 1843 the building was designed to be a poorhouse. In 1909 it was used as a hospital (accommodating people of all ages). In 1988 the building was converted to house the old. It became a nursing home. (Info from the caption under the picture)*

Two studies from the *Journal of Gerontology* look at evolving attitudes toward aging. One study, ([Aging Narratives Over 210 Years (1810–2019)](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/76/9/1799/6029775), focuses on age attitudes toward the aged over a period of 21 decades. This research looked at material published in the U. S. and encompassed "over 150,000 texts from multiple genres..." The study found that "...sentiments towards older adults have become more negative" over time. This trend was noted in nonfiction literature. In fiction, there was an opposite trend. There, older people were portrayed "...positively through romantic courtship and war heroism".

Another [article](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/75/6/1125/5850305) published in *Gerontology* (*Attitudes Toward Aging: A Glance Back at Research Developments Over the Past 75 Years*) looked at 75 years of the journal's publications, (1946-2020). In their conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding attitudes toward aging. "Attitudes or perceptions toward aging... have real-life consequences, including their impacts on how older adults are received and treated by others."

**A Finnish Woman Rides a Modified Tricycle**
![Mobile_alte_Finnin Arquus 4.0.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/EpCAwuHaYx2xkwCYb88LooX47UxpMRJNYYPqaBqXdymch21XHCtcM3hYttibxWqDkW9.jpg)
_{*Credit Arquus. Used under [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_alte_Finnin.jpg) license*.}

Not only do negative stereotypes about aging influence the way others regard and treat the old, but these stereotypes are often internalized by individuals as they age. The stereotypes can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. [Research in the last 30 years](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/75/6/1125/5850305) illustrates that attitudes towards ones self as aging occurs, "shape physical health, cognitive functioning, and subjective well-being, through pathways such as internalization of negative attitudes (e.g., illness attributions), and expectations..."

An article in *Nursing Ethics* ([*Dignity and attitudes to aging: A cross-sectional study of older adults*, 2021](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09697330211057223)) focuses on how attitudes affect the physical well being of the old. This study was carried out in the Czech Republic. It evaluated responses from 233 subjects who lived in communal settings (institutions) and 237 who lived at home.

The institutionalized residents had a more negative attitude toward aging, and this correlated with gender and a sense of dignity. Women scored more negatively in this group than men did.

**Nursing Home in the Czech Republic**
![czech republic nursing home Lipov,_DPS palickap 3.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/EnugvwnYnxqkHsU9tWNtsMr4BZrUVGWZNWSptWofkvwoBuuj9KEnTaGkaLtRZaLxoFj.jpg)
_{*Credit: palickap. Used under [CC Attribution 3.0 Unported](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lipov,_DPS.jpg) license*.}

Among home-dwelling subjects, negative attitudes to aging were found in older adults with lower levels of education. Also, living alone correlated with more negative aging attitudes.

The researchers tie their conclusions to the real-life consequences of negative expectations and perceptions of aging among the old: "these can impact on the quality of life, satisfaction with one’s life, stress response, coping strategies, cognitive functions, for example, verbal fluency and memory, and healthy living behaviors."

A more global perspective toward aging was offered by a study published in the journal *Health and Quality of Life Outcomes* [2013, *Attitudes to aging mediate the relationship between older peoples’ subjective health and quality of life in 20 countries*](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1477-7525-11-146). The countries surveyed in this study did not include any from Africa. Surveyed were 14 countries: Australia; France; Switzerland; England; Scotland; USA; Israel; Spain; Japan; Turkey; Lithuania; Czech Republic; Budapest; Canada; Norway; Sweden; Denmark; Germany; Brazil; Uruguay. The results of the study were consistent across all the surveyed populations. Health satisfaction, physical, psychological, social and environmental quality were affected by survey respondents' attitude toward aging.

**Community in Ngoro Cameroon Celebrate Life of a Deceased Elder**
![funeral in cameroon.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/agmoore/Eqb3YxuSfA4T4kwx5YjXhsaAHF4g4idNjin7owZMQSDFk2WVhRTPg3tMZZm6eJNA5sx.jpg)
_{*Credit:MBATAKA used under [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insouciance_enfantine.jpg).*

**Africa**
Africa is not a monolith. I would need a separate paper to begin to responsibly handle the subject of aging in the varied cultures represented on the continent. Not only is Africa generally regarded (in the literature) as two distinct areas-- Sub-Saharan and North Africa, but research on this subject is relatively scant. The cultures on the continent are evolving rapidly. Traditionally, the old have been [regarded with respect](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20296/) and care of the elderly was largely a family/kinship responsibility.

However, several reports I consulted suggest that the strong cultural support structure of the old in many African nations is eroding. The *European Journal of Accounting Auditing* [reported](http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Changing-Privileges-and-Challenges-of-Older-People-in-Contemporary-African-Society.pdf): "However, changes in the structure of African society occasioned by the introduction of formal education by the West neutralized this traditional system of caring for older people as they are now facing many challenges."

**Conclusion**
I began this blog when I learned that the usual parameters for [blood pressure,](https://www.agingcare.com/articles/high-blood-pressure-in-seniors-108019.htm) [waist circumference and BMI](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29586-w) may be different for the old than they are for the young. Getting this information took some hunting, and many doctors don't seem to be aware of it, generally.

From this disparity in health parameters for the young and the old, I began my investigation. I did expect the outcome I found (which of course tends to taint the results), but still the journey to that outcome was interesting.

Thank you for reading my blog. A long one! I hope the information prompts some self reflection on how our attitudes toward aging can affect our own lives.

Health and peace to all.

**Selected Sources Used in Writing This Blog**

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639284/
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003998.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563107/
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Victorian-Workhouse/
https://academic.oup.com/shm
http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Changing-Privileges-and-Challenges-of-Older-People-in-Contemporary-African-Society.pdf
https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/ageing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9298985/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20296/
https://geography.name/age-and-aging/
https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/57/5/P409/609413
https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/the-demonization-of-older-people
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485367/
https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881761/
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=78445
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/183831)
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003998.htm
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29586-w
https://www.agingcare.com/articles/high-blood-pressure-in-seniors-108019.htm
http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Changing-Privileges-and-Challenges-of-Older-People-in-Contemporary-African-Society.pdf)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1477-7525-11-146
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09697330211057223
https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/75/6/1125/5850305
https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/76/9/1799/6029775
https://aeon.co/essays/simone-de-beauvoir-on-facing-old-age-and-avoiding-bad-faith
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/L/S/au69430762.html
https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/08/legend-of-sleeping-hero-holger-danske-viking-warrior-who-never-died/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste
https://theses.gla.ac.uk/2542/1/2000cumminsphd.pdf}}