The first thing most people think when they hear nuclear energy is probably nuclear bombs or nuclear melts, negative incidents such as those that have occurred in Chernobyl or Fukushima. Many people do not know exactly how the whole thing works, but they seem to be very familiar with the worst case scenario and its consequences.
But is there no way to produce nuclear energy safely without endangering human lives through radiation?
I will keep the topic short, as it's probably rather dry and less interesting, but I find some facts that you can keep in mind very important.
Around 1890, the first experiments on radioactivity were carried out to investigate nuclear reactions.
The discovery of induced nuclear fission by Otto Hahn in Berlin in 1938 was intended to change the world. A completely new effect was discovered, which cast a spell on researchers and scientists.
Nuclear fission is a process in which heavy atoms are fissioned and an unbelievably large amount of energy is released.
Due to the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, the best nuclear physicists had to flee abroad and there was the danger that Germany would use this new effect as a weapon against the rest of the world. Based on this fear, the Manhattan project was initiated by the USA in 1942, which was to develop a nuclear weapon as quickly as possible in order to be able to use it against Germany.
The first atomic bomb test "Trinity" took place on July 16,1945. The next two completed bombs were then used to bomb the cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) in Japan. This ended the Second World War.
Ten years later, at the conference "atomic power for peace" in Geneva, the use of nuclear technology for civilian economic purposes was initiated. This marked the beginning of the age of nuclear reactors, but also of many other nuclear applications.
In simple terms, a nuclear power plant is a thermal power plant for the production of electrical energy from nuclear energy by controlled nuclear fission.
So the same happens as in conventional thermal power plants. Instead of burning fossil fuels, however, the waste heat from nuclear processes is used. The waste heat generated during nuclear fission in the nuclear reactor is transferred to water, which produces water vapour. The heat energy of this water vapour is used to convert it into rotational energy by means of a steam turbine, which in turn is coupled to a generator, which ultimately generates electricity.
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the power plant. There are the fuel elements in which nuclear energy is converted into heat by controlled nuclear fission and radioactive decay. These fuel elements have to be cooled and here is also the double-edged sword of reactor technology. If this cooling fails, the fuel rods continue to heat up until they finally melt. This situation is called core meltdown.
There it can "burn through" down to the groundwater and radiate it, which would have a massive influence on the surrounding nature and us humans.
Germany has decided to phase out nuclear power completely by 2022, but is this the right way? Isn't there a solution to the problem of meltdown?
If you want to make nuclear power safe, the probability of failure must be 0%. Not 0.0000001% but 0%!
Active safety systems can always fail, so you need a design that completely eliminates failure. Sounds impossible? But IT IS possible!
Inherently secure systems base their security on the laws of physics which always apply. Active systems can always fail, but physical laws ALWAYS apply!
I would like to explain an inherently safe system using the example of nuclear energy: If, for example, the reactor temperature rises above the permissible value in the event of a malfunction, the reactor must automatically shut down by itself from the laws of physics alone. Physical laws always apply and cannot fail. The aim must therefore be to make a nuclear reactor inherently safe.
Systems with a high risk potential should all be inherently secured so that no operational residual risk is present. But is that possible?
In Germany, the demand for an inherently safe reactor led to the development
of the High-Temperature Reactor, which was used as an experimental atomic reactor in 1968 in Jülich, Germany. The HTR is graphite-moderated and uses helium as a moderator, coolant and heat transfer medium.
After the nuclear accident in Three Mile Island (1979) at the latest, it would have been the world's leading task to research inherently safe nuclear reactors and only be allowed to rebuild them. In 1986, the Chernobyl catastrophe became known. In 2002, Germany then opted for a general ban on the construction of further nuclear power plants, as a result of which the development and research into inherently safe nuclear technology was largely abandoned or at least hindered.
In order to achieve a future nuclear technology without catastrophic accidents, intrinsically safe nuclear power plants are necessary. This approach will also increase public acceptance.
The first HTR experimental reactor has been in operation for almost 20 years, making the nuclear experimental reactor the only plant in the world with long-term experience and thus providing a great deal of knowledge about inherently safe power plants that can support future developments. It has been proven that the HTR is thermally and nuclear inherently safe.
In the future, some countries such as Germany will break away from nuclear energy, but many countries such as China, Russia, France and England are already planning the next reactors, and many more countries will join in and build nuclear power plants.
Future-oriented research in the field of nuclear energy should definitely move towards inherently safe nuclear technology in order to reduce the risk of nuclear meltdown to zero. This will reduce people's fears, increase safety, and one day nuclear power could once again enjoy a better reputation.
