You have to have served in the Army and thus been trained in weapons (at least a bit) to be able to get a gun licence. It is quite a strict process with background and psych tests.

I think that you also have to either live in a higher risk zone or have been in a combat unit to get a gun licence.
Since October 7 they have substantially increased the range of areas considered higher risk and made the process easier so a lot more people are carrying.

Terrorism aside, criminal use of guns is very rare in Israel.
Even the mafia never use guns (they use bombs instead) because any unauthorised firing will quickly draw multiple combat trainned civilians to the scene and the criminals don't want to get shot as terrorists.

Its a completely different gun culture to America.