𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥; beyond our meals.

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𝕀𝕤 𝕚𝕥 𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕤𝕠𝕞𝕖𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕒𝕤 𝕤𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕝𝕖 𝕒𝕤 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕟𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕤 𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕞𝕤, 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕙𝕦𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕤, 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕖𝕒𝕣𝕥𝕙, 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕔𝕚𝕧𝕚𝕝𝕚𝕫𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕚𝕥𝕤𝕖𝕝𝕗...?

We believe that history is linear, a series of events spanning several billion years into the past, it is time to diversify our thinking, rather than a line, imagine a network of infinite connections that have interacted over those billions of years, and together forge everything we know: our universe, our planet, and ourselves. If we think of the key points from a scientific point of view, we find ourselves with a revolutionary idea: the movement of atoms controls the movement of human beings, civilizations and galaxies.

Thousands of workers earned 25 cents a day by digging a ditch 584 kilometers long, 12 meters wide and 1.2 meters deep; the Erie Canal, inaugurated on October 26, 1825.

What do the Great Wall of China, the French Revolution and this American channel have in common? Salt, the key to a secret map of the world.... The Erie Canal was designed to transport this valuable substance.

The Erie Canal allows you to bring salt and other consumables to the Hudson River; it connects Buffalo (New York) on Lake Erie to Albany on the Hudson River, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. This channel is known worldwide as the "salt channel". This construction left a great mark on the country, the commercial exploitations of all kinds, among those great lakes. New York City wouldn't be what it is today without the salt.

Let's look at the story. We will base the enlasis on very simple arguments to form great connections. In this way we can link global events with the needs of the animal world. All animals need salt and that's why they create routes to where it naturally exists, the so-called salt flats.

In prehistoric New York, where there were more buffalo than human beings, large herds of these animals marked their route to one of these salt flats; just where the Erie Channel emptied into the lake... This place is known as Buffalo (New York).

𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕤𝕥 𝕙𝕦𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕤 𝕗𝕠𝕝𝕝𝕠𝕨𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕥𝕖, 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕨𝕠𝕦𝕝𝕕 𝕖𝕟𝕕 𝕦𝕡 𝕓𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕚𝕣𝕤𝕥 𝕣𝕠𝕒𝕕𝕤.

If we study the road map of North America, around the 1950s, we see that the roads are distributed in a strange way. This is because most of them coincide with the routes used by the animals to the salt flats that were later asphalted.

All over the world, salt leaves its mark on maps. In ancient Rome, the first paved road was built to transport salt and was called the "Salt Road" or "Salt Road".

Centuries later, the salt roads and sea routes made Venice an invaluable trading destination.

Salt is so important that where it is found, it takes its name from it, like Salzburg (the city of salt) in Austria. Or anywhere in England with the suffix "wich" (ancient cities of salt).

𝕄𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕠𝕗 𝕠𝕦𝕣 𝕞𝕒𝕡, 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝔼𝕣𝕚𝕖 ℂ𝕒𝕟𝕒𝕝 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕤𝕖 𝔼𝕟𝕘𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕙 𝕔𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤, 𝕘𝕠𝕖𝕤 𝕓𝕒𝕔𝕜 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕖𝕒𝕣𝕔𝕙 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥. 𝔹𝕦𝕥 𝕨𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕕𝕖𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕞𝕚𝕟𝕖𝕤 𝕨𝕙𝕖𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕗𝕠𝕦𝕟𝕕 𝕚𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕤𝕖 𝕡𝕝𝕒𝕔𝕖𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕚𝕟 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕤?

Three billion years ago, the rains dissolved the salt that ended up in the first oceans. These oceans evaporated leaving behind large deposits that were buried by the movements of the earth's plates. Salt deposits are basically dry prehistoric oceans.

Later, these remains of ancient oceans, emerged to the surface, but only in certain places. Rare places that would have a high impact on civilization.

5% of the area is less than 16 kilometres from a natural salt deposit. The first cities were built near water sources, but also near these salt deposits.

𝕊𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕟𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕤 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕨𝕠𝕣𝕝𝕕, 𝕦𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕝𝕒𝕣𝕘𝕖 𝕔𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕤 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕨𝕙𝕚𝕔𝕙 𝕚𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕖𝕩𝕥𝕣𝕒𝕔𝕥𝕖𝕕, 𝕤𝕦𝕔𝕙 𝕒𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝔼𝕥𝕠𝕤𝕙𝕒 𝕊𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝔽𝕝𝕒𝕥. ℕ𝕒𝕞𝕚𝕓𝕚𝕒, 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕔𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕥𝕣𝕒𝕕𝕖 𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕥𝕖𝕤.

The salt was so scarce, that its value was equal to that of gold. The important thing about the analysis is that, from the very moment the trading network was established, anything could be transported.

Salt has influenced the current configuration of the map from the shadows and was the key ingredient in one of the most revolutionary moments in our history. Our cities, our roads; our map, everything is based on salt.

𝔹𝕦𝕥 𝕨𝕙𝕪 𝕚𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕤𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕝𝕖 𝕞𝕠𝕝𝕖𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕖 𝕤𝕠 𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕥𝕒𝕟𝕥 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕞𝕒𝕟 𝕤𝕙𝕠𝕦𝕝𝕕 𝕞𝕠𝕧𝕖 𝕞𝕠𝕦𝕟𝕥𝕒𝕚𝕟𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕘𝕙 𝕚𝕥?

Again, going back three billion years, the world was covered by a single giant ocean. The water overflowed with elements and minerals, and up to 35 parts per thousand of salt. In this chemical bath, life mysteriously emerges.

For millions of years of the earth's history, there were only single-celled organisms living mainly in the oceans. Life evolved over millions of years, but even with the emergence of the continents, it remained in the ocean clinging to water and salt.

Some animals experimented, took their first steps on dry land, but returned to salt water to reproduce. The key to survival on the surface; bring in the salt water. The solution, 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕖𝕘𝕘.

As we began to crawl across the land, creatures such as reptiles and birds found that they could lay eggs with a resistant shell that would allow them to lock in salt water for development. Even mammals today have the uterus and amniotic sac, which could be compared to a small ocean where the fetus develops.

𝕃𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕠𝕤𝕖 𝕚𝕟 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕨𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕣. 𝔸𝕝𝕝 𝕔𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖𝕤 𝕟𝕖𝕖𝕕 𝕚𝕥, 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕔𝕝𝕒𝕚𝕞 𝕚𝕥, 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕚𝕥 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕕𝕚𝕖 𝕢𝕦𝕚𝕔𝕜𝕝𝕪. 𝕀𝕗 𝕨𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕟𝕜 𝕒𝕓𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕚𝕥, 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕒𝕟 𝕠𝕓𝕛𝕖𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕖-𝕤𝕔𝕚𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕚𝕗𝕚𝕔 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕧𝕚𝕖𝕨, 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕞𝕚𝕘𝕙𝕥 𝕟𝕠𝕥 𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕟 𝕓𝕖 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥. 𝕋𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕔𝕠𝕦𝕝𝕕 𝕓𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕤𝕠𝕟 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕘𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥 𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕒𝕣𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕚𝕟 𝕙𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕠𝕣𝕪, 𝕚𝕟 𝕙𝕦𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕚𝕥𝕪. 𝕀𝕥'𝕤 𝕜𝕖𝕪 𝕥𝕠 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖.

Cells need salt to function just like bacteria. It's a bond we all have. Tears and sweat reflect the same saline content as the primitive ocean. And the salt, it controls our brain.

Sodium helps transmit signals between neurons through a biochemical mechanism called synapses. Our thoughts are made of salt. Human brain activity is, in short, a handful of sodium and potassium in and out; our consciousness is made of salt.

𝔹𝕦𝕥 𝕚𝕗 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕤𝕠 𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕥𝕒𝕟𝕥, 𝕒𝕤 𝕥𝕠 𝕓𝕦𝕚𝕝𝕕 𝕤𝕞𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕤𝕥𝕣𝕦𝕔𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖𝕤 𝕝𝕚𝕜𝕖 𝕖𝕘𝕘𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕓𝕚𝕘 𝕠𝕟𝕖𝕤 𝕝𝕚𝕜𝕖 𝕒 𝕔𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕟𝕖𝕝 𝕥𝕠 𝕘𝕖𝕥 𝕚𝕥 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕣𝕒𝕟𝕤𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕥 𝕚𝕥, 𝕨𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕗𝕒𝕔𝕖𝕕 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕒𝕟𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕞𝕪𝕤𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕪.

Our body tells us that it needs food with hunger, and it needs water with thirst; so how do we know we need salt? What our body did was develop a desire that made us addicted. Maybe we wouldn't kill for a little salt, but we do crave the taste of salty food. We could call it our "salty sense".

ℝ𝕖𝕔𝕖𝕟𝕥 𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕖𝕒𝕣𝕔𝕙 𝕤𝕙𝕠𝕨𝕤 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕠𝕦𝕣 𝕤𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕒𝕕𝕕𝕚𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕔𝕠𝕦𝕝𝕕 𝕓𝕖 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕠𝕦𝕣𝕔𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕒𝕕𝕕𝕚𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕤. 𝕊𝕠, 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣𝕖 𝕚𝕤 𝕒 𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕤𝕚𝕓𝕚𝕝𝕚𝕥𝕪 𝕥𝕙𝕒𝕥 𝕒𝕕𝕕𝕚𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕠𝕓𝕒𝕔𝕔𝕠, 𝕒𝕝𝕔𝕠𝕙𝕠𝕝 𝕠𝕣 𝕠𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕣 𝕤𝕦𝕓𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕖𝕤 𝕚𝕤 𝕒𝕟 𝕦𝕟𝕗𝕠𝕣𝕥𝕦𝕟𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕤𝕚𝕕𝕖 𝕖𝕗𝕗𝕖𝕔𝕥 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕓𝕚𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕚𝕔𝕒𝕝𝕝𝕪 𝕟𝕖𝕔𝕖𝕤𝕤𝕒𝕣𝕪 𝕒𝕕𝕕𝕚𝕔𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟. 𝕃𝕖𝕥'𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕒𝕝𝕪𝕫𝕖.

200 B.C., more than one million workers worked on the construction of the world's largest defensive fortification, the Great Wall of China. When completed, it would extend for nearly 5,000 kilometers along the country's northern border. A giant company, almost like the Emperor's problem; how to finance it?

The intelligent solution, a salt tax'. The Emperor's advisors advised him to monopolize salt in order to control its great economic value. In this way, taxes made salt more expensive, and unleashed anger among addicts, but people need salt. Thus, the Emperor was able to build his wall.

𝔹𝕦𝕥 𝕓𝕖𝕨𝕒𝕣𝕖, 𝕥𝕙𝕚𝕤 𝕥𝕒𝕩 𝕔𝕒𝕟 𝕓𝕖 𝕕𝕒𝕟𝕘𝕖𝕣𝕠𝕦𝕤.

In India, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi's march against the British salt tax led to independence.

In France, 1789, an exaggerated salt tax pushed the people to the limit. This situation, together with many other discontents, was partially responsible for the beginning of the French Revolution.

A substance as simple as salt sets complex forces in motion within history. But how can it affect everything from the death of the pharaohs to the birth of civilization?

𝕊𝕒𝕝𝕥 𝕝𝕖𝕕 𝕥𝕠 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕣𝕚𝕤𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝕔𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕖𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕒𝕝𝕝 𝕠𝕗 𝕜𝕚𝕟𝕘𝕤. 𝕎𝕖 𝕜𝕟𝕠𝕨 𝕚𝕥'𝕤 𝕜𝕖𝕪 𝕥𝕠 𝕝𝕚𝕗𝕖. 𝕀𝕥 𝕚𝕤 𝕒 𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕪 𝕔𝕣𝕪𝕤𝕥𝕒𝕝 𝕨𝕚𝕥𝕙 𝕒 𝕘𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕥 𝕚𝕞𝕡𝕒𝕔𝕥, 𝕓𝕖𝕔𝕒𝕦𝕤𝕖 𝕚𝕥 𝕙𝕒𝕤 𝕒 "𝕤𝕦𝕡𝕖𝕣 𝕡𝕠𝕨𝕖𝕣".

Egypt, 1213 BC. Pharaoh Ramses II (Usermaatra Setepenra - Ramses Meriamon) is dead. If the priests cannot preserve their body before it decomposes, their soul will not reach the hereafter. Salt is the solution.

The Egyptians used a type of salt known as "natron" for mummification. It is possibly the most effective preservative used in history. It may sound funny, but if you look at the recipe they followed to preserve a mummy, it's basically the same as the one we used to split the fish; we remove the viscera and stuff it with salt.

Salt is a preservative, because it contains a "super power" over water. Microscopically speaking, let's look at a molecule of salt in a tissue filled with water. When the water molecules approach the salt, they adhere to its crystals and break it up. The particles are separated and the water is removed from the fabric...

𝕎𝕚𝕥𝕙𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕨𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕣, 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕞𝕚𝕔𝕣𝕠𝕓𝕖𝕤 𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕡𝕠𝕟𝕤𝕚𝕓𝕝𝕖 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕕𝕖𝕔𝕠𝕞𝕡𝕠𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟; 𝕥𝕙𝕖𝕪 𝕕𝕚𝕖, 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕕𝕣𝕪 𝕥𝕚𝕤𝕤𝕦𝕖 𝕔𝕒𝕟 𝕙𝕠𝕝𝕕 𝕠𝕦𝕥 𝕗𝕠𝕣 𝕞𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕙𝕤 𝕠𝕣 𝕪𝕖𝕒𝕣𝕤.

The discovery of the power of salt to preserve meats, fish, vegetables and even mummies was a great step forward in civilization. In a world without electricity, salt was humanity's refrigerator, the key to preserving food from one harvest to the next.

The word'salami', an ancient form of saying'salted meat', comes from the Latin word'salt', i.e. salt, as does'sausage' or sausage,'willow' or sauce, and'brine' or brine. As salt saved both food and people, it became the "salvation". And since it was so valuable that the Romans paid their soldiers with it; they received a "salary".

𝙸𝚗 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚌𝚕𝚞𝚜𝚒𝚘𝚗, 𝚜𝚊𝚕𝚝 𝚒𝚜 𝚎𝚜𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚒𝚊𝚕 𝚝𝚘 𝚕𝚒𝚏𝚎, 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚑𝚞𝚖𝚊𝚗 𝚋𝚎𝚒𝚗𝚐𝚜 𝚋𝚎𝚌𝚊𝚖𝚎 𝚊𝚍𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚝𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚒𝚝. 𝚃𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚜 𝚝𝚒𝚗𝚢 𝚌𝚛𝚢𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚕, 𝚖𝚊𝚗 𝚋𝚞𝚒𝚕𝚝 𝚛𝚘𝚊𝚍𝚜, 𝚌𝚊𝚗𝚊𝚕𝚜 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚌𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚎𝚜. 𝚆𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝚜𝚊𝚕𝚝, 𝚖𝚊𝚗 𝚕𝚎𝚊𝚛𝚗𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚙𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚎𝚛𝚟𝚎 𝚏𝚘𝚘𝚍; 𝚜𝚊𝚕𝚝 𝚜𝚊𝚟𝚎𝚍 𝚞𝚜 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚖 𝚏𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚘𝚠𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚛𝚒𝚜𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚌𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚕𝚒𝚣𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚒𝚝𝚜𝚎𝚕𝚏. 𝙷𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚢 𝚑𝚊𝚜 𝚋𝚎𝚎𝚗 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚏𝚘𝚛𝚖𝚎𝚍 𝚋𝚢 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚕 𝚜𝚒𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚌𝚒𝚝𝚢 𝚘𝚏 𝚜𝚊𝚕𝚝 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚒𝚝𝚜 𝚒𝚗𝚟𝚒𝚜𝚒𝚋𝚕𝚎 𝚊𝚋𝚒𝚕𝚒𝚝𝚢 𝚝𝚘 𝚎𝚡𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚌𝚝 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚖 𝚝𝚒𝚜𝚜𝚞𝚎𝚜.

𝔸𝕝𝕝 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕡𝕙𝕠𝕥𝕠𝕘𝕣𝕒𝕡𝕙𝕚𝕔 𝕞𝕒𝕥𝕖𝕣𝕚𝕒𝕝 𝕙𝕒𝕤 𝕓𝕖𝕖𝕟 𝕣𝕖-𝕖𝕕𝕚𝕥𝕖𝕕 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕥𝕒𝕜𝕖𝕟 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝔾𝕠𝕠𝕘𝕝𝕖 𝕀𝕞𝕒𝕘𝕖, 𝕒𝕤 𝕨𝕖𝕝𝕝 𝕒𝕤 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕤𝕖𝕧𝕖𝕣𝕒𝕝 𝕔𝕒𝕡𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝔼𝕘𝕪𝕡𝕥𝕚𝕒𝕟 𝕒𝕟𝕕 ℝ𝕠𝕞𝕒𝕟 𝕗𝕚𝕝𝕞𝕤 𝕒𝕟𝕕 𝕧𝕚𝕕𝕖𝕠𝕤 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕞 𝕐𝕠𝕦𝕋𝕦𝕓𝕖.

The following software was used for editing and editing, as well as for the design of certain scenes:

PainT y Pain3D de Windows 10.
PhotoScape X para Windows.
Gif para Windows 10 (Tienda Microsoft).*
Photoshop.
Illustrator Draw.
Adobe XD.
Lightroom Classic.
After Effects.
Crazy Talk Animator.

Bibliographic References:

Menéndez, Mario. Diccionario de Prehistoria. Madrid, Alianza, 1997.
Barandarin, Ignacio. Prehistoria: historia de España. Barcelona: Ariel, 2005.
Martín Almagro Basch Prehistoria. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1960 S.A.
Barnett. Un siglo después de Darwin. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1971
P. Bergounioux. La prehistoria y sus problemas. Taurus Ediciones, Madrid, 1966.
F. Bordes. El mundo del hombre cuaternario. Guadarrama, Madrid, 1966.
Pedro Bosch Gimpera. Las razas humanas. Instituto Gallach, Barcelona, 1971.
Historia de Oriente. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 1970.
Salvador Canals Frau. Prehistoria de América. Editorial Sudamericana, Buenos Aires, 1959.
El origen del hombre americano y la antropología física. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 1961.
Manual de antropología física. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 1960.
Introducción a la prehistoria general. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 1971.
Carleton Coon. Las siete cuevas. Editorial Labor, Barcelona, 1967.
Miguel Crusafont Pairó. La evolución. Editorial Católica, Madrid, 1966.
Glyn Daniel. El concepto de prehistoria. Editorial Labor, Barcelona, 1968.
*Jacquetta Havvkes. Prehistoria (Historia de la humanidad.
Von Koenigswald. Historia del hombre. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1971.
Los hombres prehistóricos. Omega, Barcelona, 1967.
K. Oakley. Cronología del hombre fósil. Editorial Labor, Barcelona, 1968.
Hugo Obermaier. El hombre fósil. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 1925.
Hugo Obermaier, Antonio García Bellido y Luis Pericot García. El hombre prehistórico y los orígenes de la humanidad. Revista de Occidente, Madrid, 1960
Luís Pericot García. La humanidad prehistórica. Salvat, Barcelona, 1970.
Juan Schrobínger. Prehistoria de Suramérica. Editorial Labor, 1967-1969 Barcelona,
G.G. Simpson. La vida en el pasado. Alianza Editorial,, Madrid 2002.
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. La aparición del hombre. Taurus Ediciones, Madrid, 1967.
Gracia Esperanza. El origen del universo. Ediciones Naya, México 2010.
Stephen Hawking y Leonar Mlodiniow. El Gran Diseño. 2010.
Stephen Hawking. Breve Historia del Tiempo. Biblioteca Stephen Hawking. 2005.

𝔸𝕝𝕝 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕒𝕣𝕥𝕨𝕠𝕣𝕜 𝕚𝕤 𝕚𝕟 𝕞𝕪 𝕡𝕣𝕠𝕗𝕚𝕝𝕖 𝕠𝕗 𝔾𝕠𝕠𝕘𝕝𝕖+

𝐁𝐮𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬𝐧'𝐭 𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲, 𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲, 𝐩𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲, 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬, 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞.