Micro and Controller Two are an English word microcontroller. Micro Bangla means small and controller Bangla means control. Then it can be understood that it controls a small thing.
It can actually be called a small computer. It also has the processor, RAM, memory input / output edge in the same.
μC is the microcontroller and MCU is the microcontroller unit.
What is the work of microcontroller?
It is easy to execute certain tasks in accordance with certain rules and regulations. Specific rules mean that programming means programming. The microcontroller will give its output as we direct through programming. This is called programmable device. You can program it as many times as you like.
The microcontroller basically converts analog work into digital. Then what are the analog tasks? Analog work has been interpreted as a tool for various types of IC, transistor, diode and so on. The microcontroller can do the job of these devices through a digital standard (0,1) simultaneously.
Suppose we create a 7 segment clock. For this we need 7 segment driver IC, time counter circuit, time set circuit etc. The interesting thing is that with this microcontroller, this task can be easily done.
Types of microcontrollers
According to the processing ward size
4 bit micro-controller
8 bit micro-controller
16 bit micro-controller
32 bit micro-controller
According to instructions or instructions set
RISC Micro-Controller
CISC Micro-Controller
According to the memory connection
Internal Memory Micro-Controller
External memory micro-controller
According to the memory connection
Internal Memory Micro-Controller
External memory micro-controller
According to micro-controller memory architecture
Harvard Architecture Micro-Controller
Von-Newman Architecture Micro-Controller
What is a microprocessor?
A microprocessor is basically a digital integrated circuit (IC) that normally receives data and instruction through the input bus, processes the data according to the instruction and produces the result and transmits the results through the output bus to the output device.
Input output creates different control signals for controlling the device. The logical and mathematical functions of a computer are organized in a microprocessor. Micro-processor is a vital part of a computer system that acts as a central processing unit. For example: Intel 8085, MC 68000, Z80 are examples of some popular microprocessors.
Candidate between microcontroller and microprocessor
Microcontroller is basically a single chip computer where the processor, RAM, ROM, and input / output port etc. And the microprocessor is an integrated circuit that acts as a central processing unit on the computer. Because of this, it is sometimes called a CPU.
The microcontroller is: Intel 8051, Atmel ATmega16 etc. The microprocessor is: Intel x86 family microcessor 8086, 80816, 80286, 80386 etc.
The microcontroller has full processor like RAM, ROM, I / O port etc. Inside the microprocessor, there are ALUs, General Purpose Register, Accumulator, Program Counter, Flag Register, Data and Counter Bus and etc.
Short discussion of the microcontroller structure
The main components of the microcontroller are shown with the help of an image. Various manufacturing companies have different types of microcontrollers. We will now see the structure of a simple and basic microcontroller.
CPU (CPU)
CPU means the Central Processing Unit, which is basically made of ALU, Accumulator, Control Unit, Flag, Stack Pointer and some General purpose register. The logic of the microcontroller is done on the CPU's ALU.
Instruction from RAM was transferred to the Instruction Register. The assembly mainly translates the instruction of machine language into machine language. The necessary logical tasks are done in ALU and ALU. Finally, in the memory ie the output is sent to the register.
Memory
Semiconductor memory is used internally in the microcontroller, where there is a RAM, ROM. RAM is a temporary memory that gets deleted when the power supply is stopped, while the data is permanently stored on the ROM.
Input / Output port
Microcontroller receives signals from different sensors and the microcontroller output is added to the LCD display, Seven segment display, stepper motor, sensor etc.
The port that receives all these signals and emissions is called the input / output port. These ports are the one or a single register of microcontrollers, which are logically connected with the micropantraher's external pin. If the user wants the same port, the program will be able to define input and output.
There are two types of ports
Serial Port: Serial Port for serial data communication
Parallel Port: Parallel Port for Parallel Data Communications
Timer and counter
Most microcontrollers have multiple timer counters in one or more cases. It basically calculates time scheduling, break measurements etc. Its main function is to measure the Frequency and Clock function. It is mainly 8 bit or 16 bit registers.
Digital to analog converter
It'sConverts digital signals into analog signals and controls different analog devices.
Analog to digital converter
Coming from different analog sensors and analog devices, the analog signal comes in the microcontroller. But we know the microcontroller's CPU can not read analog data. So that signal has to be converted to a digital signal. This is basically the converter.
Interpre Controllers
Interrupting another program involves interrupting the normal flow of the program during a program. After execution of the work, the processor will go back to the original program. This is mainly the work of the Interpre Controller.
Watchdog timer
The use of complex security measures of microcontrollers and many important things are used. In the event of a microcontroller's work, the operation or operation of the hardware is interrupted. The watchdog timer is always monitoring this situation and automatically resets and reboots if there is problem in the program or hardware.
What do you think microcontroller will consider?
Word of the processor: Alu of the microcontroller A single instruction, which can perform logical and mathematical logical functions of the bit data, is called the microcontroller word size. 4, 8, 16, 32bit ward size microcontroller is available in the market. According to the demand, appropriate clock frequency microcontroller should be used.
Speed of work: The clock frequency Frequency microcontroller should be selected according to the system requirements.
Depending on the RAM and ROM, the microcontroller needs to be selected.
Considering input-output pins and timers, microcontrollers will have to buy.
Some popular brands of microcontrollers and their familiar
Microchip PIC / dsPIC
Arduino (made with AVR).
Atmel (AVR / ARM)
Toshiba / Samsung / intel etc.
There are also many brands.
Microchip PIC
There are many more models of PIC16F series such as 16F877, 16F72, 16F628, 16F676 and so on. There are also PIC18F, PIC24F, PIC32F series etc. But these are different from each other but not entirely different. However, the 16F877A model is widely used.
Each microcontroller has its own features. According to the type of work we need to pick these.
What is the programming language used in microcontroller?
There are many types of programming languages for microcontrollers. But programming C language Shikhati is the best. Because C language is called "mother" of programming. Many programmers have a chord with C language. MicroPro Pick is the best compiler for Microchip. It will basically compile the program with it.
Microcontroller program right or burner system
After writing the program or code correctly in C programming software, it has to be loaded into microcontroller. A device is needed to load the program after which it is called PIC Programmer / PIC Burner. It has to be installed on the computer. Find the software when you search online.
Some common discussions about PIC 16F877A
Input / Output = RA, RB, RC, RD, RE (0 to N)
AN (O to N) = Analog to Digital ADC pin
SDA, SCL = I2C protocol
TX, RX = USART protocol.
PSP (O to N) = PSP protocol
INT (O to N) = External interrupt
PGC, PGD, PGM = Program Load Pin.
CCP = Capture / Compare / PWM
OSC1, OSC2 = Crystal
