@gracesunflower The earliest Muslim penetration in Spain during the Umayyad Caliphate. As Europeans still experienced the darkness of science, Muslims brought torches to illuminate Europe. Muslims became the saviors of the ancient Greek manuscripts. Translation is done on a large scale almost all branches of science. The Muslim presence became a lantern for Europeans at the end of the first millennium. Europeans are indebted to Muslims.
RE: From the Muslim Spain to the Empire