History Islam recorded the peak of the glory of Islam with the establishment of a number of caliphate (government) Islamiyah. For example, Umayyad Caliphs, Fathimiyah, Abbasids, Usmaniyah (Ottoman Turks), and others. When one collapses, another dynasty emerges ready to continue the Islamic government.
It was also the sign of the Mamluk Dynasty (Mamalik). Initially, the Mamluk Dynasty was part of the Abbasid dynasty. So is the Seljuk Dynasty. However, along with the weakening of the power of the Abbasids and the number of independent Abbasid states or territories, the region gradually began to escape.
Mamluk or Mamalik is a nickname given to Turkish slaves who have embraced Islam and were recruited into the army by the Islamic rulers of the Middle Ages. They eventually became the most powerful soldiers throughout the history of Islam and also established the Mamluk Sultanate in two different places.
There are two governments established by the Mamluks, the Mamluk dynasty ruling in India (1206-1290) established by Qutbuddin Aybak and the Mamluk Dynasty who reigned in Egypt (1250-1517).
Citing the Wikipedia page, the Mamluks were first deployed in the 9th century Abbasid period. The Abbasids recruited these soldiers from the Caucasus and Blacks. From the Black Sea recruited the Turks and most of the Kipchak tribe. These people were not Muslims at first.
This Mamluk army is known as the army of Islam who has high loyalty to the shaykh, tribal leaders, and also their nobles. This high loyalty is probably also due to the fact that they are foreigners and the lowest group in society. Thus, they will not oppose the caliph and be easily punished if it causes a problem. Therefore, the Mamluk army is the most important asset in the military.