![Figure 0. 7,4 Hamming Venn Diagram.png](https://images.blurt.buzz/DQmPxBJQc6SbsjgFRE5Bg2GV28UusmDXqtTuMejgum5LgWe/Figure%200.%207,4%20Hamming%20Venn%20Diagram.png) Figure 0\. 7,4 Hamming Code Venn Diagram ## 0\. Note This is the fifth assignment from my Masters Applied Digital Information Theory Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. ## 1\. Introduction The [previous 4th assignment](https://stemgeeks.net/math/@fajar.purnama/4-3-single-parity-check-of-binary-sequence-skew-tent-and-pwl-map?ref=fajar.purnama) demonstrate 1 bit error detection using 3,4 parity codes. On this assignment will be demonstrating 1 bit error correction using 7,4 hamming codes. On 3,4 parity codes we group 3 bits per block and perform exclusive or on each blocks to get a bit called the parity code bit and add it into the 4th bit of the blocks. A different approach for the 7,4 hamming codes we first group 4 bits per block, and then obtain the 3 hamming bit codes from the 4 bits for each blocks and add them which makes each blocks contained 7 bits. Suppose there are 4 bits as follows: b1,b2,b3,b4 To get the hamming bit codes we do the following calculation: b5=b1⊕b2⊕b3, b6=b1⊕b2⊕b4, b7=b1⊕b3⊕b4 Those bits will be added to the block: b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7 Following Table 1 are the complete list: Table 1\. Coding Table

Info	Code	Info	Code
0000	0000000	1000	1000110
0001	0001011	1001	1001101
0010	0010101	1010	1010011
0011	0011110	1011	1011000
0100	0100111	1100	1100001
0101	0101100	1101	1101010
0110	0110010	1110	1110100
0111	0111001	1111	1111111

On the receiver side the hamming codes is also constructed using the received first 4 bits of each blocks, then compare them with the hamming codes produced on the receiver side. Since the hamming codes were produced using the above equation (each codes uses different elements) we can know on which bit the error occurs, and a correction is performed. For example if receiver's b5, b6, b7 is different from transmitter's then an error on b1, if b5, b6 is different then an error occur on b2, if b5,b7 is different then an error occur on b3, if b6, b7 then b4, if b5 only then b5, if b6 only then b6, if b7 only then b7\. Following Table 2 are the complete syndromes: Table 2\. Syndrome and Correction List

Syndrome	Correction	Syndrome	Correction	Syndrome	Correction	Syndrome	Correction
No error	None	b6 error	b6⊕1	b6b7 error	b4⊕1	b5b6 error	b2⊕1
b7 error	b7⊕1	b5 error	b5⊕1	b5b7 error	b3⊕1	all error	b1⊕1

## 2\. Memoryless Errors (Skew Tent Map) On this simulation we will (1) generate a chaotic binary sequence from memoryless source (2) perform hamming coding (3) simulate through a noisy channel (4) perform error correction on receiver. We will calculate the practical probabilities of incorrect decoding and compare them theoretically defined by P_I=1–P_C where P_C=7p(1-p)⁶ + (1-p)⁷ is the probability of correct decoding. The formula is derived from the probability of 1 bit error out of all possible error. Also we will compare the error probability of the binary sequence before correction and after correction. We will use critical point of c=0.499999 for generating the memoryless source, while we use c=1-p for generating the error sequence, and initial chaotic value for both is x(1)=0.333333 and various error probability p for the error sequence (noise). Generating the source will be the same as assignment 2, and generating the hamming codes is similar to 4th assignment except we input 3 extra bits in each blocks based on the initial 4 bits, which will make 7 bits. Like the previous assignment we perform exclusive or between the generated memoryless source and the error sequence to obtain the received sequence. On Table 3 is the simulation result of 1000000 (million) blocks (N) (7000000 bits) with error probability up to 0.4. Table 3\. simulation result of 1000000 (million) blocks (N) (7000000 bits) with error probability up to 0.4

Error Probability	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
Error Before Decoding	69185	310155	651846	1489329	2095701	2817931
Error After Decoding	5661	103819	413866	1456118	2253571	2871364
Probability Error Before Decoding	0.009884	0.044308	0.093121	0.212762	0.299386	0.402562
Probability Error After Decoding	0.008087	0.014831	0.059123	0.208017	0.321939	0.410195
Incorrect Decoding	1887	33173	132352	444091	672462	810696
Probability of Incorrect Decoding	0.001887	0.033173	0.132352	0.444091	0.672462	0.810696
Theoretical Probability of Incorrect Decoding	0.002031	0.044381	0.149695	0.423283	0.670583	0.841369

## 3\. Markov-type Errors (PWL Map) Similar to section 2 but this time we generate the error sequence through Markov type or Piece Wise Linear (PWL) map. The theoretical incorrect error decoding is P_I=1–P_C and correct one: P_{C = P(1)p₂ (1-p)⁵ + 5P(0)p₁ p₂ (1-p₁)⁴ + P(0)(1-p₁)⁵ p₁ + P(0)(1-p₁)⁶} We use the same critical point and initial chaotic value. To generate the error sequence we use the PWL map with various p2 values and P₁ = (1-c)/c P₂, with c=1-p. On Table 4 is the theoretical result of 1000000 (million) blocks (N) (7000000 bits) with error probability up to 0.4, Table 5 is the simulation result, Table 6 is error probability before decoding, Table 7 is error probability after decoding. Table 4\. Theoretical Result

p2\p	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
0.1	0.013497	0.067421	0.134663	0.268465	0.400994	0.531546
0.2	0.015996	0.079888	0.159498	0.317444	0.472536	0.622384
0.3	0.017509	0.087704	0.175712	0.351731	0.525154	0.690342
0.4	0.018048	0.091159	0.184430	0.375393	0.566651	0.746271

Table 5 Simulation Result

p2\p	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
0.1	0.014407	0.074791	0.165392	0.288812	0.409343	0.518025
0.2	0.039309	0.084100	0.125731	0.363730	0.463654	0.633573
0.3	0.013653	0.083021	0.179077	0.365025	0.567390	0.702815
0.4	0.011958	0.100293	0.248337	0.361628	0.607297	0.741535

Table 6\. Error Probability Before Decoding

p2\p	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
0.1	0.019189	0.050632	0.121454	0.215809	0.310955	0.387244
0.2	0.0310312	0.050779	0.073711	0.239916	0.287656	0.390070
0.3	0.0064253	0.045953	0.095724	0.199656	0.351083	0.400005
0.4	0.0073853	0.051241	0.124822	0.196768	0.334634	0.393053

Table 7\. Error Probability After Decoding

p2\p	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
0.1	0.0182	0.050889	0.120800	0.215805	0.311266	0.387078
0.2	0.0310312	0.050020	0.071017	0.236854	0.285676	0.395473
0.3	0.0065111	0.044599	0.095300	0.196479	0.336207	0.407214
0.4	0.0055779	0.050823	0.127047	0.189369	0.317022	0.398460

## 4\. Results On Figure 1 shows that the error probability before and after decoding fluctuates on different error probability values (p) and type of sources (memoryless and p2s), but had one thing in common that belowp < 0.3 the error after decoding decreases, and unfortunately rises above that. The incorrect coding for memoryless is preferable when p < 0.1 but not recommended when above. For PWL with p2=0.1 shows low incorrect decoding amongst other p2\. For other values there is a cutting point on p=0.2, below lower p2 shows lower incorrect decoding and viceversa. ![Figure 1. Error Probability vs Error Probability Before and After Decoding.png](https://images.blurt.buzz/DQmTN9LdJs591K7iGqzivtnjUWYPuCRVkyjWqPtbvH9vXxL/Figure%201.%20Error%20Probability%20vs%20Error%20Probability%20Before%20and%20After%20Decoding.png) Figure 1\. Error vs Error Before and After Decoding ![Figure 2. Error Probability vs Incorrect Decoding Probability.png](https://images.blurt.buzz/DQmWn8MuQkimuhRhEKjjeAgGFS4zXhc1Kvfodd4Dsmz4622/Figure%202.%20Error%20Probability%20vs%20Incorrect%20Decoding%20Probability.png) Figure 2\. Error vs Incorrect Decoding ## 5\. Source Code The source code is written in Fortran95 which is said to be a good programming language for mathematics in the old days, the first one is for memoryless, and the first one is for PWL (markov). ``` program Memoryless_Error_Hamming ! For safe purposes implicit none ! Type declarations integer :: m, n1, n2, i, j, s1, s2, s3 real :: c, c_error, p, practical_error_before, p_practical_error_before, practical_error_after real :: p_practical_error_after, incorrect_decoding, p_incorrect_decoding real :: p_theory_correct_decoding, p_theory_incorrect_decoding real, dimension(40000000) :: x integer, dimension(40000000) :: bit integer, dimension(70000000) :: bit_hamming, bit_error, bit_receiver, bit_hamming_uncorrected, bit_corrected character(len=20) :: firstname, lastname, text write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Enter number of blocks: ' read (*,*) m n1 = m*4 n2 = m*7 c = 0.499999 ! Memoryless Generated Source (here n is number of bits) x(1) = 0.333333 do i = 1, n1-1 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c) then x(i+1) = x(i)/c bit(i) = 0 else x(i+1) = (1-x(i))/(1-c) bit(i) = 1 end if end do ! Hamming Codes j = 1 do i = 1, n2, 7 bit_hamming(i) = bit(j) bit_hamming(i+1) = bit(j+1) bit_hamming(i+2) = bit(j+2) bit_hamming(i+3) = bit(j+3) bit_hamming(i+4) = xor(xor(bit(j),bit(j+1)),bit(j+2)) bit_hamming(i+5) = xor(xor(bit(j),bit(j+1)),bit(j+3)) bit_hamming(i+6) = xor(xor(bit(j+1),bit(j+2)),bit(j+3)) j = j+4 end do ! Error Sequence write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Enter error probability: ' read (*,*) p c_error = 1 - p do i = 1, n2 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c_error) then x(i+1) = x(i)/c_error bit_error(i) = 0 else x(i+1) = (1-x(i))/(1-c_error) bit_error(i) = 1 end if end do ! Receiver Side (hamming encoded sequence + error sequence), calculate error probability before decoding, prefill future corrected bits practical_error_before = 0; do i = 1, n2 bit_receiver(i) = xor(bit_hamming(i), bit_error(i)) bit_corrected(i) = bit_receiver(i) if (bit_receiver(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) then practical_error_before = practical_error_before + 1 end if end do p_practical_error_before = practical_error_before/n2 ! Perform Hamming coding again on the received bits do i = 1, n2, 7 bit_hamming_uncorrected(i) = bit_receiver(i) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+1) = bit_receiver(i+1) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+2) = bit_receiver(i+2) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+3) = bit_receiver(i+3) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i),bit_receiver(i+1)),bit_receiver(i+2)) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i),bit_receiver(i+1)),bit_receiver(i+3)) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i+1),bit_receiver(i+2)),bit_receiver(i+3)) end do ! Error Correction based on symptoms, "&" is placed to continue next line (fortran95 cannot read long lines) do i = 1, n2, 7 if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i) = xor(bit_receiver(i),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+1) = xor(bit_receiver(i+1),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+2) = xor(bit_receiver(i+2),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+3) = xor(bit_receiver(i+3),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+4) = xor(bit_receiver(i+4),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+5) = xor(bit_receiver(i+5),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+6) = xor(bit_receiver(i+6),1) end if end do ! Error Probability After Decoding practical_error_after = 0; do i = 1, n2 if (bit_corrected(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) then practical_error_after = practical_error_after + 1 end if end do p_practical_error_after = practical_error_after/n2 ! Probability of Correct, and incorrect decoding p_theory_correct_decoding = (7*p*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p))+((1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)*(1-p)) p_theory_incorrect_decoding = 1 - p_theory_correct_decoding incorrect_decoding = 0 do i = 1, n2, 7 if ((bit_corrected(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+1) /= bit_hamming(i+1)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+2) /= bit_hamming(i+2)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+3) /= bit_hamming(i+3)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+4) /= bit_hamming(i+4)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+5) /= bit_hamming(i+5)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+6) /= bit_hamming(i+6))) then incorrect_decoding = incorrect_decoding + 1 end if end do p_incorrect_decoding = incorrect_decoding/m ! Results write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Practical error before decoding: ' write (*,*) practical_error_before write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Practical error after decoding: ' write (*,*) practical_error_after write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability practical error before decoding: ' write (*,*) p_practical_error_before write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability practical error after decoding: ' write (*,*) p_practical_error_after write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) incorrect_decoding write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability of incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) p_incorrect_decoding write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Theoretical probability of incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) p_theory_incorrect_decoding ! Debugging purposes, uncomment them to see binary sequences, max 18 blocks ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_hamming(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_error(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_receiver(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_corrected(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' end program Memoryless_Error_Hamming ``` ``` program Piece_Wise_Linear_Error ! For safe purposes implicit none ! Type declarations integer :: m, n1, n2, i, j, s1, s2, s3 real :: c, c_error, p, practical_error_before, p_practical_error_before, practical_error_after real :: p_practical_error_after, incorrect_decoding, p_incorrect_decoding real :: p_theory_correct_decoding, p_theory_incorrect_decoding real :: p1, p2, a, a1, a2, a3, c1, c2, d1, d2 real, dimension(40000000) :: x integer, dimension(40000000) :: bit integer, dimension(70000000) :: bit_hamming, bit_error, bit_receiver, bit_hamming_uncorrected, bit_corrected character(len=20) :: firstname, lastname, text write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Enter number of blocks: ' read (*,*) m n1 = m*4 n2 = m*7 c = 0.499999 x(1) = 0.333333 ! Uncomment to use memoryless source ! Memoryless Generated Source (here n is number of bits) ! x(1) = 0.333333 ! do i = 1, n1-1 ! if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c) then ! x(i+1) = x(i)/c ! bit(i) = 0 ! else ! x(i+1) = (1-x(i))/(1-c) ! bit(i) = 1 ! end if ! end do ! PWL Generated Source p1 = (1-c)*p2/c a = 1/(1-(p1+p2)) if (p1+p2 < 1) then c1 = c-(c/a) c2 = c+((1-c)/a) d1 = c1*(1-c) d2 = 1-((1-c2)*c) a1 = -c/(c1-d1) a2 = a a3 = (c-1)/(d2-c2) do i = 1, n2 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c1) then x(i+1) = (a1*(x(i)-d1))+c else if (x(i) >= c1 .and. x(i) < c2) then x(i+1) = a2*(x(i)-c1) else x(i+1) = (a3*(x(i)-c2))+1 end if if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c) then bit(i) = 0 else bit(i) = 1 end if end do else c1 = c-((c-1)/a) c2 = c-(c/a) d1 = c1*(1-c) d2 = 1-((1-c2)*(1-c)) a1 = -c/(c1-d1) a2 = a a3 = c/(d2-c2) do i = 1, n2 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c1) then x(i+1) = (a1*(x(i)-d1))+c else if (x(i) >= c1 .and. x(i) < c2) then x(i+1) = (a2*(x(i)-c1))+1 else x(i+1) = a3*(x(i)-c2) end if if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c) then bit(i) = 0 else bit(i) = 1 end if end do end if ! Hamming Codes j = 1 do i = 1, n2, 7 bit_hamming(i) = bit(j) bit_hamming(i+1) = bit(j+1) bit_hamming(i+2) = bit(j+2) bit_hamming(i+3) = bit(j+3) bit_hamming(i+4) = xor(xor(bit(j),bit(j+1)),bit(j+2)) bit_hamming(i+5) = xor(xor(bit(j),bit(j+1)),bit(j+3)) bit_hamming(i+6) = xor(xor(bit(j+1),bit(j+2)),bit(j+3)) j = j+4 end do ! Error Sequence write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Enter error probability: ' read (*,*) p c_error = 1 - p write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Enter p2: ' read (*,*) p2 p1 = (1-c_error)*p2/c_error a = 1/(1-(p1+p2)) if (p1+p2 < 1) then c1 = c_error-(c_error/a) c2 = c_error+((1-c_error)/a) d1 = c1*(1-c_error) d2 = 1-((1-c2)*c_error) a1 = -c_error/(c1-d1) a2 = a a3 = (c_error-1)/(d2-c2) do i = 1, n2 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c1) then x(i+1) = (a1*(x(i)-d1))+c_error else if (x(i) >= c1 .and. x(i) < c2) then x(i+1) = a2*(x(i)-c1) else x(i+1) = (a3*(x(i)-c2))+1 end if if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c_error) then bit_error(i) = 0 else bit_error(i) = 1 end if end do else c1 = c_error-((c_error-1)/a) c2 = c_error-(c_error/a) d1 = c1*(1-c_error) d2 = 1-((1-c2)*(1-c_error)) a1 = -c_error/(c1-d1) a2 = a a3 = c_error/(d2-c2) do i = 1, n2 if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c1) then x(i+1) = (a1*(x(i)-d1))+c_error else if (x(i) >= c1 .and. x(i) < c2) then x(i+1) = (a2*(x(i)-c1))+1 else x(i+1) = a3*(x(i)-c2) end if if (x(i) >= 0 .and. x(i) < c_error) then bit_error(i) = 0 else bit_error(i) = 1 end if end do end if ! Receiver Side (hamming encoded sequence + error sequence), calculate error probability before decoding, prefill future corrected bits practical_error_before = 0; do i = 1, n2 bit_receiver(i) = xor(bit_hamming(i), bit_error(i)) bit_corrected(i) = bit_receiver(i) if (bit_receiver(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) then practical_error_before = practical_error_before + 1 end if end do p_practical_error_before = practical_error_before/n2 ! Perform Hamming coding again on the received bits do i = 1, n2, 7 bit_hamming_uncorrected(i) = bit_receiver(i) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+1) = bit_receiver(i+1) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+2) = bit_receiver(i+2) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+3) = bit_receiver(i+3) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i),bit_receiver(i+1)),bit_receiver(i+2)) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i),bit_receiver(i+1)),bit_receiver(i+3)) bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) = xor(xor(bit_receiver(i+1),bit_receiver(i+2)),bit_receiver(i+3)) end do ! Error Correction based on symptoms, "&" is placed to continue next line (fortran95 cannot read long lines) do i = 1, n2, 7 if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i) = xor(bit_receiver(i),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+1) = xor(bit_receiver(i+1),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+2) = xor(bit_receiver(i+2),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+3) = xor(bit_receiver(i+3),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) /= bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+4) = xor(bit_receiver(i+4),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) /= bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) == bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+5) = xor(bit_receiver(i+5),1) else if ((bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+4) == bit_receiver(i+4)) .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+5) == bit_receiver(i+5)) & .and. (bit_hamming_uncorrected(i+6) /= bit_receiver(i+6))) then bit_corrected(i+6) = xor(bit_receiver(i+6),1) end if end do ! Error Probability After Decoding practical_error_after = 0; do i = 1, n2 if (bit_corrected(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) then practical_error_after = practical_error_after + 1 end if end do p_practical_error_after = practical_error_after/n2 ! Probability of Correct, and incorrect decoding p_theory_correct_decoding = (((1-c_error)*p2*((1-p1)**5)) + (5*c_error*p1*p2*((1-p1)**4)) + (c_error*((1-p1)**5)*p1) + & (c_error*((1-p1)**6))) p_theory_incorrect_decoding = 1 - p_theory_correct_decoding incorrect_decoding = 0 do i = 1, n2, 7 if ((bit_corrected(i) /= bit_hamming(i)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+1) /= bit_hamming(i+1)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+2) /= bit_hamming(i+2)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+3) /= bit_hamming(i+3)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+4) /= bit_hamming(i+4)) .or. (bit_corrected(i+5) /= bit_hamming(i+5)) .or. & (bit_corrected(i+6) /= bit_hamming(i+6))) then incorrect_decoding = incorrect_decoding + 1 end if end do p_incorrect_decoding = incorrect_decoding/m ! Results write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Practical error before decoding: ' write (*,*) practical_error_before write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Practical error after decoding: ' write (*,*) practical_error_after write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability practical error before decoding: ' write (*,*) p_practical_error_before write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability practical error after decoding: ' write (*,*) p_practical_error_after write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) incorrect_decoding write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Probability of incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) p_incorrect_decoding write (*,'(A)',advance='no') 'Theoretical probability of incorrect decoding: ' write (*,*) p_theory_incorrect_decoding ! Debugging purposes, uncomment them to see binary sequences, max 18 blocks ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_hamming(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_error(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_receiver(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' ! do i = 1, n2 ! write(*,'(1i1.1)',advance='no') bit_corrected(i) ! end do ! write (*,*) ' ' end program Piece_Wise_Linear_Error ``` ## Mirrors * [https://www.publish0x.com/fajar-purnama-academics/74-hamming-codes-xervrkp?a=4oeEw0Yb0B&tid=hive](https://www.publish0x.com/fajar-purnama-academics/74-hamming-codes-xervrkp?a=4oeEw0Yb0B&tid=hive) * [https://0darkking0.blogspot.com/2021/01/74-hamming-codes.html](https://0darkking0.blogspot.com/2021/01/74-hamming-codes.html) * [https://0fajarpurnama0.medium.com/7-4-hamming-codes-218a9c933786](https://0fajarpurnama0.medium.com/7-4-hamming-codes-218a9c933786) * [https://0fajarpurnama0.github.io/masters/2020/09/15/hamming-codes](https://0fajarpurnama0.github.io/masters/2020/09/15/hamming-codes) * [https://hicc.cs.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/~fajar/masters/hamming-codes](https://hicc.cs.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/~fajar/masters/hamming-codes) * [https://0fajarpurnama0.wixsite.com/0fajarpurnama0/post/7-4-hamming-codes](https://0fajarpurnama0.wixsite.com/0fajarpurnama0/post/7-4-hamming-codes) * [http://0fajarpurnama0.weebly.com/blog/74-hamming-codes](http://0fajarpurnama0.weebly.com/blog/74-hamming-codes) * [https://0fajarpurnama0.cloudaccess.host/index.php/9-fajar-purnama-academics/190-7-4-hamming-codes](https://0fajarpurnama0.cloudaccess.host/index.php/9-fajar-purnama-academics/190-7-4-hamming-codes) * [https://read.cash/@FajarPurnama/74-hamming-codes-b1213691](https://read.cash/@FajarPurnama/74-hamming-codes-b1213691) * [https://www.uptrennd.com/post-detail/7-4-hamming-codes~ODU1MjQy](https://www.uptrennd.com/post-detail/7-4-hamming-codes~ODU1MjQy)

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