Solar arc and solar altitude. Very important basic understanding we should all have without reference.
This is the arc the sun makes at 42 degrees North including approximate rising, setting, and daylight times. It will look very different at alternate latitudes, which we can tell by the next charts, solar altitude.
These charts illustrate a lot of interesting things, the midnight sun at the poles, the directness of the sun's rays at the equator (essentially 2 seasons around the equator), the variance in altitude at temperate climbs giving us 4 distinct seasons. We can see the seasonal reversal between southern and northern hemispheres.
Im posting this stuff because it is cool to look at but I hope it also helps brush people back up on things they may have forgot or had the wrong concept of as well.
Thanks for your time!