M QuarkChain
QuarkChain - A High-Capacity
Peer-to-Peer Transactional System
QuarkChain Foundation
Version 0.3.4
Dod QuarkChain
QuarkChain - A High-Capacity Peer-to-Peer Transactional System NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
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Executive Summary
Recently, distributed ledger technologies - decentralized and trustless blockchains (e.g. Bitcoin, Ethereum), have started rewiring the nature of our current economy, communications, and knowledge. As the global financial transaction volume in all electronic payments grows, the low capacity of the current blockchain-based networks cannot cover the world' s commerce anytime. However, a simple pursuit of scalability usually sacrifices decentralization and security. Therefore, the ultimate goal of blockchain is to extend the scalability as high as possible while keeping security and decentralization in an appropriate level.
QuarkChain is an innovative permissionless blockchain architecture that aims to meet the global-wise commercial standard. It provides a secure, decentralized, and scalable blockchain solution to deliver 100,000+ on-chain TPS. The main features of QuarkChain are:
1 Reshardable two-layered blockchain: QuarkChain consists of two layers of blockchains. We apply elastic sharding blockchains (shards) as the first layer, and a root blockchain as the second layer that confirms the blocks from the first layer. The first layer is flexible to be resharded as needed without changing the root layer.
2 Guaranteed security by market-driven collaborative mining: To ensure the security of all transactions, a game-theoretic framework is designed for incentives, where at least 50% of overall hash powers are allocated to the root chain to prevent double spending attack on any transactions.
3 Anti-centralized horizontal scalability: In any blockchain network with a high TPS, a super-full node can be extremely expensive, which encourages centralization. In contrast, QuarkChain allows multiple cheap nodes forming a cluster to replace a super-full node.
4 Efficient cross-shard transactions: Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases.
5 Simple account management: There is only one account needed for the entire blockchains (shards) in QuarkChain. All cryptocurrencies from different shards are stored in one smart wallet.
6 Turing-complete smart contract platform: the QuarkChain network supports Turing- complete smart contracts and has adopted the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to allow for easy migration of existing EVM decentralized Apps onto the QuarkChain platform.
Table of Content
Bytes per transaction
in
Fig. 3 Illustration of the two-layered blockchains of the QuarkChain Network, where each minor blockchain (shard) processes a sub¬set of all transactions, while the root blockchain confirms the blocks in all shards by including the block headers in the root blocks.
For current blockchain technology, there are two basic functionalities in each block within the chains:
$ Ledger, which includes current ledger state, performs transactions, and records results. To be data-intensive is the key property of a ledger - both current ledger and transactions details including source, destination, amount, execution code, etc, need to be maintained. The limited size of data that can be packed into a block is one of the bottleneck of current blockchains.
£ Confirmation, which confirms the result of the transactions from ledger and then mines the block to reach desired difficulty (POW). This ensures an attacker is economically inefficient to revert a transaction by mining another fork. Confirmation itself is a computational-intensive task.
Based on the observation, the QuarkChain Network adopts the divide-and-conquer idea to separate the two main functions in two layers and thus enhance the scalability while guaranteeing the security. The detailed design is given as follows.
£ The QuarkChain Network contains an elastic sharding blockchain layer, which contains a list of minor blockchai ns (shards). Each shard processes a sub-set of all transactions independently. Therefore, asthenumber of shards increases, shards can process more transactions concurrently. As a result, the system capacity increases asthe number of shards increases.
£ The QuarkChain Network has a root blockchain (rootchain) that confirms all blocks from sharded blockchains. The root blockchain does not process any transactions (since it is not economically efficient), but its block has sufficiently strong difficulty so that reverting any transaction, i.e., the transactions in root blockchain, is not economically efficient.
£ The QuarkChain Networkis also designed to support additional shards in an active network. Adding more shards is easy and fast, while users barely sense this (the users may feel faster processing of transactions if the network is congested before adding shards).
Chain Name Block Name Interval Main Functionalities
l I I I J
Rootchain layer Rootchain Root block In minutes Confirmation
1 l I I 1 L i
Sharding layer Shard Minorblock Inseconds Ledger
I I I I I i
Table 1 Structure of the QuarkChain Network
3.3 Collaborative Mining
The goal of collaborative mining is to design incentive mechanisms and difficulty algorithms so that
Root chain Shards
Fig 4. Illustration of collaborative mining, where the blocks in root chain have sufficiently large incentive and difficulty to protect the blocks (and thus transactions) in all shards, while all shards are incentivized to have even hash powers.
3.4 Consensus Algorithm
To protect all transactions, the root chain and the shards in systems of the QuarkChain Network run the foil owing consensus algorithm:
^ The root chain runsthe POW algorithm, which is the same as Bitcoin andEthereum. This means when two forks happen on root chain, the fork with the longest length (or total difficulty) will survive.
tl Each shard runs a consensus called root-chain-first POW algorithm. Given two forks on a shard, to determine which fork to survive, a node would compare their corresponding root chains before comparing the forks. If a fork has longer root chain, then the fork will survive no matter how long another fork is. With such consensus algorithm, a double-spend attacker has to create (see Figure 5):
(a) the minor blocks that revert the transaction; and
(b) a longer root chain fork that includes the minor block headers.
Such attack is much harder to perform because the attacker must acquire at least 50% (hash power on root chain) *51% = 25% hash power of overall network .
Hash Pointer
3.5 Early Verification of the QuarkChain Network
Since the system of the QuarkChain Network is sophisticated and highly dynamic, an analytic solution could be hardly available. To design such a system to achieve the targeted goals, the QuarkChain team has resorted to using network simulation to simulate a 18-nod eand 8-shard network. This potentially allows verification of the incentive mechanism and difficulty algorithm in early stage.
Node 1, rewards 2926166
Node 2, rewards 2683160
Node 3, rewards 50600
Node 4, rewards 13506
Node 5, rewards 13300
Node 6. rewards 27660
Node 7, rewards 25806
Node 8, rewards 27766
Node 9, rewards 50100
Node 10. rewards 31360
Node 11. rewards 37200
Node 12, rewards 15560
Node 13, rewards 56260
Node 14, rewards 37600
Node 15, rewards 13160
Node 16, rewards 25360
Node 17, rewards 14200
Node 18, rewards 37900
Powerful/weak rewards ratio: 11.93
Major chain height 249, reward 11400, work 1642250.81, blocks interval 147.99
Minor chain 0, height 3820, work 15352.94, block interval 9.65
Minor chain 1, height 3815, work 15371.62, block interval 9.66
Minor chain 2, height 3823, work 15287.76, block interval 9.64
Minor chain 3, height 3796, work 15117.48, block interval 9.71
Minor chain 4, height 3863, work 15202.11, block interval 9.69
Minor chain 5, height 3794, work 15223.01, block interval 9.71
Minor chain 6, height 3809, work 15293.13, block interval 9.67
Minor chain 7, height 3793, work 15245.74, block interval 9.72
Fig. 6 illustrates a snapshot of simulation results of collaborative mining. There are 18 miners (nodes) in the simulation, where two miners have 10Ox hash power than the rest of 16 miners.
The system of the QuarkChain Network has8minorblockchains with target block duration 10s and a root blockchain with target block duration 150s. Some interesting comments are discussed as follows:
^ The heights of all minor blockchains are about 3800s, and they are very close to each other. In addition, all of them have similar work (i.e., the expected hashes to generate a block), and their block intervals are very close to 10s. This means that all minor blockchains a re mined evenly and thus the system throughput is about 8x more than the single shard case.
£ The wor of the root blockchain is about 1.6M, which is close to the expected value1.8M (halfofthehash power of the network because all minor chains have 1 5K work every 10 seconds, and a root blockchain block rate is about 15 times longer than the minor chains).
4.2 Security, Decentralization, and Scalability Position of The QuarkChain Network
The 50% hash power allocation on the root chain of the QuarkChain Network enhances system security besides scalability. In addition, the QuarkChain Network is more decentralized than single-blockchain system so that the QuarkChain Network is also secure.
Dramatically scale the throughput of the network. Advanced sharding technologies have been used to improve the system capacity and could easily increase system capacity to process more transactions per second as needed.
S More decentralized than single-bloc kchain network. Asthehash power of a single- blockchain network increases, the expected return time of weak miners grows significantly, and they have to join a mining pool to collect their incentives in a timely manner. This greatly encourages centralization and hurts the core value of a blockchain. The QuarkChain Network is designed to be more decentralized because a weaker miner does not need to join a mining pool to collect its reward.
£ Security. All transactions in the QuarkChain Network are protected by 50% of the overall hash power of the network, and a double-spend attack requires at least 25% hash power. This is smaller than single-blockchain' s 50%, but since the QuarkChain Network is more decentralized, a miner will be much harder to collect 51 % hash power in our network than that of single-blockchain.
Decentralization
Fig. 7(A) illustration of horizontal scalability of the QuarkChain Network, where four super-full nodes (left) are replaced by four clusters of nodes (right), where the nodes in each cluster are honest to each other. (Solid line indicates honest connections, and dash line indicates unreliable connections)
Fig. 7(B) illustration of high availability of a cluster with 2 shards run on the QuarkChain Network, where the cluster could still fully validate the network even any single node is crashed (right). For example, suppose there are 2 shards in the system, A validates shards 1-2, B validates shards 2 and root chain, and C validates shards 1 and root blockchain, and A,B,C are honest to each other, then A,B,C could form a cluster that is able to fully validate any blocks.
The QuarkChain Network addresses the concern by allowing multiple honest nodes in a cluster to run as a super-full node. Each node in the cluster only validates a sub-set of chains. Aslongastheunionoftheir sub-sets cover root blockchain and minor blockchains, it can be shown that they are able to fully validate the whole blockchains without acquiring an expensive machine. In addition, if one of the nodes crashes in the cluster, the rest nodes are still able to fully validate any blocks since any two of them form another cluster, enabling high availability of such clusters.
Furthermore, to encourage forming such clusters in the network, the QuarkChain Network will have incentives for miners to answer a puzzle about the information of random blocks (e.g., 64-bit xor on random blocks in a randomly-selected shard or root blockchain). The puzzle will perform over a large amount of blocks and it is memory or storage intensive, and thus downloading the random blocks on- demand from the network will be inefficient.
5.2 Efficient and Secure Cross-Shard Transaction
In the system of the QuarkChain Network, the transactions can be classified into two categories:
^ In-shard transactions, where the input and output addresses of the transaction are in the same shard.
£ Cross-shard transactions, where the input and output addresses are in different shards.
In-shard transactions are simple, since a shard already contains complete ledger information of the shard. Cross-shard transactions are more difficult because of the synchronization between two shards. The QuarkChain Network fully supports cross-shard transactions as first-class citizen, in a sense that:
% Any user could issue any cross-shard transaction at any time ^Cross-shard transactions can be confirmed in minutes
£ The throughput of cross-shard transactions could be scaled linearly as the number of shards increases
Sharding
Layer
These key features of the QuarkChain Network have the potential tp create a world in which anyone will be able to easily perform any transaction in a cost-effective manner.
5.3 Simple Account Management
tx 1
H Shard 0
Smart contract 1
Shard 1
Smart contract 2
Shard 2
Fig. 9 Illustration of simple account management, where an account with a private key is able to perform transaction on any shards.
Unlike other sharding solutions in which a user may need to create multiple accounts in different shards in order to interact with all users/smart contracts in the network, the system of the QuarkChain Network greatly simplifies account management- a user only needs to have one account to manage all addresses inallshardsandisable to interact with all users seamlessly. In addition, a smart wallet application will be created which will automatically perform cross-shard or in-shard transactions (including smart contract) for a user, and the user may not be even aware of shard ing in the system. Some users may choose advanced way to manage their addresses, e.g., allowing payments always via in-shard transactions, and thus a merchandise is able to receive a payment from all users in seconds.
5.4 Cross-Chain Transaction
With this design architecture, cross-chain transaction becomes approachable. Since the QuarkChain Network only maintains one root chain, the transaction from another blockchain can be implemented by converting the tokens by an adapter and then performing the transaction like a cross-shard transaction from the point of view of the QuarkChain Network side. Another way is to accommodate theotherchainasa subchain (or shard) so that cross-chain becomes cross-shard transaction.
Value carrier
The essence of the virtual currency is the value carrier, which is the most important attribute of QKC.
Transaction currency
QKC is required as virtual crypto "fuel" for using certain designed functions on the QuarkChain Network, providing the economic incentives which will be consumed to encourage participants to contribute and maintain the ecosystem on the QuarkChain Network. Computational resources are required for running various applications and executing transactions on the QuarkChain Network, as well as the validation and verification of additional blocks / information ontheblockchain, thus providers of these services / resources would require payment for the consumption of these resources (i.e. "mining" on the QuarkChain Network) to maintain network integrity, and QKC will be used as the unit of exchange to quantify and pay the costs of the consumed computational resources.
Similar to Ethereum, each transaction on the QuarkChain Network needs to pay transaction fee. Since the QuarkChain Network has powerful transaction processing capability, transaction fee will be very low. Transaction fee only can be paid by QKC. The QuarkChain Network supports smart contracts. A smart contract transaction of the QuarkChain Network is completed by sending a message to the contract address.
Contribution incentives
As a peer-to-peer system, using economic means to produce positive feedback can promote the continuous development of the system. QKC will be distributed as incentives to incentivise the community to make continuous contributions towards the system. Users of the QuarkChain Network and/or holders of QKC which did not actively participate will not receive any QKC incentives.
QKC is an integral and indispensable part of the QuarkChain Network, because without QKC, there would be no incentive for users to expend resources to participate in activities or provide services for the benefit of the entire ecosystem on the QuarkChain Network.
7.2 Business Development
7.2.1 Mobile Decentralized Applications (DApps2go)
The QuarkChain Network is built according to the belief that a DApp built upon on mobile devices is more applicable and has more ecosystem value, based on the fact that 4.47 billion people are using mobile phones and there is 68% mobile phone internet user penetration worldwide in 2018. Mobile based DApps are very limited today due to the low capacity of mobile networks which cannot deal with blockchain data flow.
The QuarkChain Network has robust infrastructure to fully support mobile DApps (Dapps2go), and its infrastructure design is mobile-oriented. Furthermore, on- chain developer tools will be provided to create an Android-friendly environment, making DApps2go development as simple as possible. A significant amount of QKC as incentives for developers who adopt and build their DApps on the QuarkChain Network. Our easy scale-out blockchain technology makes social network, online storage, gaming and sharing economic platforms on blockchain possible. For instance, developers could build a completely decentralized peer to peer share riding DApp on the QuarkChain Network. It can easily handle 7.4-billion rides per year—a number completed by the largest ride sharing company in the world in 201 7—while removing the ride sharing central authority to lower the cost of using ride sharing for customers. The QuarkChain Network is projected to be an ideal platform to build sharing economy businesses.
7.2.2 Minimum Viable Products with Onchain Fast Evolution
The QuarkChain Network aims to shorten product development cycles by adopting build-measure-learn feedback loop from the lean startup methodology. Thus, developers have been allowed to run minimal viable products on-chain. With great support from the high transaction processing capability of the QuarkChain Network, developers can deploy and test their products on the main-net with quick feedback collection. AnOnchainDemo Show zoneonthemain-netofthe QuarkChain Network will provide ultra - smooth and fast testing experience to help product managers and developers of DApps validate their ideas rapidly.
7.2.3 Demand Oriented Business Scenario
The QuarkChain Network brings real business into blockchain world. Such businesses must have strong needs for high throughput blockchain, and be able to solve existing customer or business demands. A good scenario is authentication, which is full of challenging and cost-inefficient. Existing technologies, such as high anti¬counterfeiting technologies behind the national identification documents, can be too expensive for small to medium business to adopt. With the help of the decentralized ledger and advanced cryptographic protected private key of the QuarkChain Network it is believed that there can be DApps to support small business owners by providing an affordable and easy handling anti-counterfeit solution. This solution can also be used for education systems for validating diplomas and laboratory raw data. The QuarkChain Network will always be open and collaborative with such businesses, and will partner with them to leverage and scale up their business.
With the lean start-up philosophy in mind, we carefully select business partners from 2-5 different industries where high-throughput blockchain can maximize its utilization. The current business partners are listed below:
7.2.4 The QuarkChain Network for Internet of Things
Although it is still under investigation, blockchain has shown a great potential to be applied for Internet of Things (loT). Using blockchain can reduce the cost of money transfer and also helps the rapid realization of the value of loT transfer. However, loT usually contains a large number of devices andtheremaybea largenumberof transactions simultaneously. The QuarkChain Network will play an important role as a platform to support loT applications with a large number of low-cost devices and speedy transactions. The usage of smart contracts can also realize the automatic data collection and processing and thus build more applications.
7.2.5 The QuarkChain Network for Al and Big Data
Blockchain provides a digital platform for economic transactions and thus it is highly related to artificial intelligence (Al). There are many aspects that blockchain can use Al technologies. For example, through reinforcement learning, sharding can be more efficient so that the common trading clients can be allocated in one shard or at least closer shards to reduce the transaction cost. However, this requires the blockchain design to include the reshardable functionality and the QuarkChain Network offers this function exactly.
Blockchain genuinely relates to big data and it generates temporal and space domain data. As blockchain grows, theamountof data increases fast. No matter it is private chain or public chain, these data will generate great value for the company or the whole world' s economy. Builtonthe platform of the QuarkChain Network, many data mining algorithms can be developed and economic models can be developed. The QuarkChain Network is open to collaborate with data analysts and economists to develop new economic models and also this analysis will bring back valuable feedback to further enhance the design of the QuarkChain Network with higher efficiency.
Ting Du / Business Development and Eco-system
• Founder of incuba to rDemo++, Incubator of In k, Ziggu rat
• Geek in Product Management
• Committee of Liuhe Capital Shanghai
• Dedicated on Blockchain productization and business application
Anthurine Xiang / Marketing and Community
•Combined background of finance, consulting and tech,
6 year experience in both Wall street and Silicon Valley.
• Lead of platform analytics at Wish, previously marketing lead at Beepi and Linkedin
• Extensive experience in startup, crypto investments and building up ecosystem
Patrick Mei / Creative and Content
• Founder of investment firm, 3 years experience in financial investment
• Crypto media writer
• Bachelor from Fudan University
Julianne Zhu / Social Media Broadcasting
• MBA from Rutgers University,
• Former BD Directorfrom Roboterra
• expertise in business development and marketing
Bill Moore
Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems
Co-ledtheZFSteamand served as Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems President of DSSD/EMC Fellow
Mike Miller
Ph.D. Physicist with 100+ publications. Founder: Cloudant (YCS08) acquired 2014 (IBM Cloud Data Services).
Zhiyun Qian
Expert in cyber security
Discovered serious vulnerabilities in Linux, Android, and TCP/IP Assistant Professor at UC riverside
Arun G. Phadke
University Distinguished Professor Emeritus & Research Professor of Virginia Tech National Academy of Engineering
Leo Wang
Crypto Fund Manager. Invested in Over 50+ Project a I lover the world. Ontology, ArcBlock, SmartMesh, Elastos, QuarkChain, Penta, MedicalChain, AppCoin, BitGuild, Zeepin, Gifto, lotex, UGC, Ocoin, Scry, Bluzelle, Lino, Linkeye, Fortuna, DDex
Kevin Hsu
Kevine has rich experience in investment and has invested over 60 blockchain companies around the world
