Modern online content publishing platforms (news sites, blogs, forums, video platforms, “free” tools, etc.) often operate in an environment where traditional advertising revenue is insufficient or blocked by ad-blockers. Many have turned to aggressive, privacy-invasive, or outright malicious techniques to generate additional income. Four of the most lucrative and widespread methods are browser fingerprinting, data brokering, clickjacking, and the deliberate or tolerated distribution of infostealers.
1. Browser Fingerprinting as a Revenue Stream
Definition
Browser fingerprinting is the practice of collecting a large number of attributes from a visitor’s device and browser (screen resolution, installed fonts, canvas rendering characteristics, WebGL parameters, timezone, language preferences, HTTP headers, TLS fingerprint, etc.) to create a statistically unique identifier even when cookies are blocked or deleted.
How publishers monetize it
- Fingerprinting scripts (commercial libraries such as FingerprintJS Pro, Broftware, or custom in-house solutions) are embedded on the page.
- The resulting fingerprint is either sold directly to third-party data brokers or used to “resurrect” deleted cookies (a practice called “cookie syncing” or “zombie cookies”).
- Ad networks and real-time bidding (RTB) platforms pay premium CPMs for users who can be tracked across sites without relying on third-party cookies (especially valuable after Chrome’s 2024–2025 third-party cookie deprecation).
- Some publishers license their fingerprinting database itself to fraud-detection companies, banks, or marketing firms, generating six- to seven-figure annual deals.
Revenue model
Direct sales of fingerprint hashes → $0.50–$5.00 per 1,000 unique fingerprints (depending on richness and exclusivity), or a share of the higher ad rates enabled by cross-site tracking.
2. Data Brokering (User Profiling and Sale of PII/Sensitive Data)
Definition
Systematic collection, enrichment, and resale of personal and behavioral data about visitors.
Common practices on publishing platforms
- Hidden pixel trackers, login-with-Google/Facebook buttons, e-mail newsletter sign-ups, and “free” PDF downloads that require registration.
- Probabilistic and deterministic matching of fingerprints with e-mail addresses, phone numbers, or real-world identities (via leaked breach databases or purchased lists).
- Packaging users into highly specific segments: “crypto-curious 25–34 males in Texas who read gun forums,” “women searching abortion clinic locations,” “high-net-worth individuals reading luxury watch reviews,” etc.
Primary buyers
- Data brokers (Acxiom, Oracle Data Cloud, LiveRamp, Experian)
- Political campaigns and super-PACs
- Insurance companies (for risk scoring)
- Employers and background-check firms
- Lenders and payday-loan companies
Revenue model
Publishers either sell raw data dumps or grant recurring licensed access. Reported prices range from $0.10 to $15+ per complete profile depending on sensitivity and freshness. Some large publishers generate tens of millions of dollars annually this way.
3. Clickjacking and UI Redressing
Definition
Clickjacking tricks users into clicking on something different from what they perceive, typically by overlaying an invisible or disguised iframe over legitimate page elements.
Monetization techniques
- “Like-jacking”: invisible Facebook/Twitter “Like” buttons that are triggered when the user clicks anywhere on the page → inflates social proof → higher ad rates.
- Forced subscription scams: invisible “Subscribe” or “Allow notifications” buttons that activate on any click or scroll.
- Cryptocurrency wallet drainers (especially 2023–2025): users are tricked into signing malicious Ethereum/Permit2 transactions disguised as “Play video” or “Continue reading” buttons.
- Affiliate fraud: invisible clicks on high-payout CPA (cost-per-action) offers hidden under legitimate content.
Revenue model
- Direct affiliate payouts ($5–$500 per successful wallet drain or high-value signup).
- Sale or rental of the clickjacked traffic to other fraud networks.
- Increased engagement metrics that justify higher programmatic ad rates.
4. Infostealers (Malware Distribution)
Definition
Infostealers are lightweight malware (RedLine, Raccoon, Vidar, AZORult, etc.) that exfiltrate saved passwords, cookies, autofill data, cryptocurrency wallets, 2FA tokens, and session cookies.
How publishing platforms participate
- Malvertising: compromised or malicious ad networks serve drive-by downloads or redirect to exploit kits.
- Fake cracks, cheats, pirated software, or “free premium account generators” hosted directly or via cloaked redirects.
- SEO-poisoned articles ranking for “download X 2025 cracked” that deliver bundled infostealers.
- “Soft” distribution: some publishers deliberately bundle infostealers with otherwise functional tools in exchange for a 20–40% revenue share from stolen crypto/wallet sales on underground markets.
Revenue model
- Per-install bounty from infostealer operators: $0.50–$10 per successful infection (higher for U.S./EU targets).
- Revenue share from stolen cryptocurrency (some campaigns have paid publishers >$1M in aggregate).
- Sale of stolen cookies on genesis markets (especially Discord tokens, Roblox cookies, high-value Gmail/Outlook sessions).
Summary Table of Revenue Potential (2024–2025 estimates for a medium-sized publishing network reaching 5–10 million monthly uniques)
| Technique | Primary Revenue Source | Est. Annual Revenue (USD) | Ethical/Legal Risk |
|---|
| Browser Fingerprinting | Sale/licensing of fingerprints + higher ad CPM | $500k – $4M | Medium–High |
| Data Brokering | Profile sales to brokers & political entities | $1M – $15M+ | Very High |
| Clickjacking | Affiliate fraud & crypto drainers | $200k – $5M+ | High |
| Infostealers | Per-install + share of stolen assets | $300k – $10M+ | Extremely High |
Many publishers combine two or more of these techniques, creating a layered “dark funnel” that operates alongside (or instead of) legitimate advertising. While some operate in clear violation of GDPR, CCPA, and computer-abuse statutes, enforcement remains patchy, and the financial incentives continue to drive adoption, particularly among publishers in low-regulation jurisdictions.
