CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY

CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology can be defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related state or event in a specified population, and the application of this study to control of health related problem.
Disease is a medical condition that’s interfere with the physiological functions of the human system. It’s could also be explained as the interruption, cessations, disorder of a body system or organ structure or functions
Chronic condition or disease is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months.
Chronic conditions have often been used to describe the various health related states of the human body such as syndromes, physical impairments, disabilities as well as diseases. Epidemiologists have found interest in chronic conditions due to the fact they contribute to disease, disability, and diminished physical and/or mental capacity. For example, high blood pressure know as hypertension is considered to be not only a chronic condition itself but also correlated to diseases such as heart attack or stroke. Additionally, some socioeconomic factors may be considered as a chronic condition as they lead to disability in daily life. An important one that public health officials in the social science setting have begun highlighting is chronic poverty and racism
In 2015 the World Health Organisation produced a report on non-communicable diseases, citing the four major types as:
Cancers
Cardiovascular diseases, including cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and ischemic cardiopathy
Chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Diabetes mellitus
Other examples of chronic diseases and health conditions include:
Addiction
Alzheimer's disease
Atrial fibrillation
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Autoimmune diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and relapsing polychondritis
Bipolar disorder
Blindness
Cerebral palsy (all types)
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic osteoarticular diseases, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic pain syndromes, such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome
Depression
Deafness and hearing impairment
Eating disorders
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (various types)
Endometriosis
Epilepsy
Fibromyalgia
HIV/AIDS
Huntington's disease
Hypertension
Lyme disease
Multiple sclerosis
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (a.k.a. chronic fatigue syndrome)
Narcolepsy
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Parkinson's disease
Periodontal disease
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobin disorders
Sleep apnea
Thyroid disease
Tobacco Use and Related Conditions

                                                                                 CANCER

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It’s could also be explained as a degenerative process to the living cell resulting from abnormal growth from cell division that could be resulted from the genetic constituent or external factors. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

This include a
lump,
abnormal bleeding,
Prolonged cough,
unexplained weight loss, and
a change in bowel movements.
While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.

                                                  TYPES OF CANCERS IN MALE AND IN FEMALE

There are over hundred types of cancer but The most common types of cancer includes; in males are
lung cancer,
prostate cancer,
colorectal cancer and
stomach cancer. While In females includes,
breast cancer,
colorectal cancer,
lung cancer and
cervical cancer.

                                                                         CAUSES OF CANCER

Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus infection. These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents.

                                                                        DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.

                                                                       TREATMENT AND CONTROL

Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

                                                                    EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS

Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment.
In 2015, about 90.5 million people had cancer. About 14.1 million new cases occur a year (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths). The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion USD per year as of 2010.

                                                                        NARCOLEPSY

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles, which is usually similar to cataplexy.
SYMPTOMS
Excessive daytime
sleepiness for seconds to minutes,
sudden loss of muscle strength

periods of excessive daytime sleepiness usually last from seconds to minutes and may occur at any time. About 70% of those affected also experience episodes of sudden loss of muscle strength, known as cataplexy. These spells can be brought on by strong emotions. Less commonly there may be inability to move or vivid hallucinations while falling asleep or waking up. People with narcolepsy tend to sleep about the same number of hours per day as people without, but the quality of sleep tends to be worse.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION
This is as a results of a low concentration of orexin-A neuropeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic individuals

COMPLICATIONS /EFFECT
Motor vehicle collisions, falls

SIMILAR CONDITIONS
 Sleep Apnea,
 Major Depressive Disorder,
 Anemia,
 Heart Failure,
Drinking Alcohol,
Not Getting Enough Sleep

                                            MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT

The exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown with potentially several causes. In up to 10% of cases there is a family history of the disorder. Often those affected have low levels of the neuropeptide orexin which may be due to an autoimmune disorder. Trauma, infections, toxins, or psychological stress may also play a role. Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and sleep studies, after ruling out other potential causes. Excessive daytime sleepiness can also be caused by other sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, major depressive disorder, anemia, heart failure, drinking alcohol, and not getting enough sleep.
While there is no cure, a number of lifestyle changes and medications may help. Lifestyle changes include taking regular short naps and sleep hygiene. Medications used include modafinil, sodium oxybate, and methylphenidate While initially effective, tolerance to the benefits may develop over time. Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may improve cataplexy.

                                                                  EDUCATION IMPLICATION 

About 0.2 to 600 per 100,000 people are affected. The condition often begins in childhood. Men and women are affected equally. Untreated narcolepsy increases the risk of motor vehicle collisions and falls. The term narcolepsy is from the French narcolepsie. The French term was first used in 1880 by Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau

                                                            Conclusion/Recommendation.

Every disease has its upset and as its progresses, vital organs are being destroy hence making the body susceptible to any predisposing factors.
Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death in the United States and globally despite major successes in many areas of chronic disease prevention and treatment in recent decades.
The overarching mission of the Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology is to identify strategies to prevent and treat chronic diseases through policy implementation, masses educations, research both clinical and behavioural science to find a clue to a disease.
Early detection is the cure to many disease/ medical condition, therefore report all medical cases to the appropriate authority.

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