In my first post concerning Space X's Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), I discussed issues associated with the rocket decent, payload bay including crew quarters, and likely affects these travelers can expect to deal with. I will now expand on each of these issues to provide a more clear understanding of the specifics associated with each factor.
When one enters space, there is no way to know whether you are up, down, left, or right. Weightlessness puts your body in a floating sense which does not allow you full control of your sensory receptors. As different receptors send signals to the brain, they may conflict with each other. Due to this sensory conflict, your body experiences different sensations such as headaches, vomiting, nausea, irritability, and discomfort. Approximately 40% of astronauts experience these symptoms when traveling to space. So, if you have a crew of 100, such a flight on the BFR could lead to 40 sick individuals. Some type of preplanned medical treatment is then likely to be needed when planning such a trip.
Motion sickness in space is the most common issue astronauts have to deal with concerning sensory conflicts. Because of zero-g, the brain provides erroneous or disorienting information causing spatial disorientation. 67% of the space shuttle astronauts and 48% of cosmonauts reported going through these issues. Since there seems to be no difference whether you're a career astronaut or not, a member of this mission has a relatively high probability of experiencing this sort of sickness in space. This space sickness is normally experienced within the first hour of flight and can last two - three days. Scopolamine can be used to alleviate the symptoms, but doing so can make them dependent on this drug for relief which ultimately lengthens the time to overcome such sickness. 67 of 100 passengers having to deal with this experience can make the start of such flight rather interesting unless Musk is prepared to handle this issue.
Another issue with microgravity is the effect it has on the body's ability to sense tilt and roll. While going through acceleration training at NASTAR, we had a helmet placed on our head while we were rotated in a circle in various directions. Eventually, I was unable to determine whether I was moving clockwise or counterclockwise. Such loss of sensation can have a serious effect during maneuver operations, but as passengers, the biggest challenge will be knowing where their arms and legs are or even how their body is orientated. Passengers may experience in-flight misperceptions as to their location and directional caused by a loss of spatial orientation.
But what causes all this disorientation? Inside the cupula of your ears are hair cells that send nerve impulses to the brain letting you know about the movement of your body.
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When in a microgravity environment, the hair cells will not move back to the center as quickly as it would in a 1G environment like on Earth. Therefore, if you beginning moving to the right, your hair cells will remain to the left even after your right movement has stopped. This inability to fully control your senses brings on this disorientation and possibly even nausea.
Fluid shift is yet another issue these passengers will face while traveling in space. Due to the lack of gravity, fluids shift upward towards the head in order to equalize such fluid. As this
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shift occurs, the body records it as a blood volume increase which ultimately causes someone to get rid of the extra fluid through the kidneys. This results in individuals feeling like they have a cold, their face gets puffy, they have a lack of thirst, and they may experience up to a 10% loss of body fluid. Eating can be less enjoyable as they may experience a loss in taste for foods. The loss of fluids can also be hazardous for anyone susceptible to kidney stones.
Since passengers are now in a microgravity condition, their skeletal system no longer experiences the pressure of gravity on the body. Without such pressure, bone maintenance is disrupted causing bone demineralization. Such activity is similar to elderly experiencing osteoporosis. This bone demineralization is high in the spine and legs, and without exercise, it can become a serious problem when landing on Mars. Since there is no load in microgravity, the spinal column is no longer compressed causing the disks to expand. The spine lengthens as much as 1 – 2 inches but a side effect is pain experienced in the back.
Just like bone loss, microgravity also causes less load on the legs and back muscles for posture. Muscles eventually weaken which could lead to fall-related injuries upon landing on Mars. Passengers can lose up to 20 – 40% of muscle size and function unless countermeasures are used. NASA currently has astronauts using countermeasures on the ISS include running, bicycle and resistive weight training.
With 100 passengers in the BFR, this will be quite an undertaking since it requires two hours of exercise daily to help counteract both bone and muscle loss. This would require 20 exercise machines running in two-hour shifts for over 10 hours each day of the six-month journey. This might make for a good social event daily, but keeping them at this pace is likely to be challenging if motivation declines.
This leads up to the psychological factors each of these passengers will have to overcome for six months. Anyone who has dealt with groups knows that conflict is going to happen at times. Take this conflict and add a loss of personal contact with family and friends, the loss of simple things like the smell of nature or special foods, or even the reduction of social media contact during the journey. Try taking away a child's cell phone for a day and you'll know what I mean. While in space, you will lose the breeze on your face, the smell of a rain shower, birds chirping in the air, and many other simple things you take for granted. Astronaut Scott Kelly spent a year on the International Space Station. During this tour, his sister-in-law former Arizona Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, was shot while doing a speaking engagement. He could not return, nor could any of the passengers if some sort of emergency occurred during their journey. Now consider you are placing 100 individuals in a confined space for six months. This would be a challenge for anyone.
It will be interesting how Elon Musk tackles such issues as he prepares for such a mission in the future. Perhaps he'll use this as an educational tool to garner support for such a mission. It could turn into a joint NASA/Space X educational opportunity. Whatever he does, I look forward to sharing these challenges both in the classroom and online.
In my third and final post, I will discuss the challenges these passengers will face upon landing on Mars. This will include further discussion relating to psychological factors along with the challenges of radiation, and setting up a post on Mars. I hope you have enjoyed part two and it has enlightened you about issues in space travel. Please consider up voting my post and/or resteeming.
