Hybridizationis defined as the process of mixing two atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give a new type of hybridized orbital.
Hybridization is the mixing/blending of two or more atomic orbitals to produce a new identical hybridized molecular orbital.
Types of hybridization
The spatial arrangement of the bonds around the carbon is represented graphically in (iii) and (iv) when the molecule is pictured as on the plane like this paper, the dotted line represent a bond that points behind the plane while the full black line points towards the reader and the normal lines lie on the plane. This representation is termed, configuration.
Sp3 hybridization leads to carbon forming four single bonds with other elements. The four bonds are arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom with the bond angle of 109°28¹. The sharing of four electrons leads to increase of the electrons in the L shell to eight thereby giving a stable octet. This stable compound where carbon contributes four electrons to the four bonds bass example in methane, CH4. The bonds are electronically neutral and the compound is termed saturated. These single bonds are referred to as sigma bonds.
Sp2 Hybridization
When only three of the four orbitals are hybridized, one 2s and two 2p orbitals, such is designated sp2 hybridization. All three bonds lie on the same plane at an angle of 120°. The remaining unhybridized orbitals is termed pi bond.
The features of the pi bond show that it is more diffused, than the sigma bond, thus it is weaker than the sigma bond. The combination of the sigma and pi bonds between two adjacent carbon atoms constitute the double bond of the alkene hydrocarbon. The double bond limits the free rotation of the carbon atoms about their axes unlike in alkanes where there is free rotation.
Sp Hybridization
When only two orbitals, that is, one 2s and one 2p are hybridized, the other 2p orbitals are unhybridized, this results in sp hybridization. The two sigma bonds lie on a straight line through the carbon atoms. The unhybridized orbitals lie on the same plane perpendicular to the sigma bonds with their lobes overlapping. This combination gives the triple bond of the alkyne hydrocarbon.
For any bonding that occurs between compounds in chemistry,its primary aim is to attain its octect. Sigma bond and pi bond are the only visible bonds that joined element. Every single bond has a sigma bond while both sigma and pi bond is present where there are double bonds. For triple bond, there are always one sigma and two pi bonds.
Hybridization
Types of hybridization in chemistry
Sp hybridization| Introduction to chemistry
Sp2 hybridization
Sp3 hybridization|Introduction to chemistry
