The beggining of everythig. The Big Bang.
The idea that the universe is not infinite and was suddenly born. Up to the middle of 20th century thought of the universe as infinite and ageless. There we must mention Einstein's theory of relativity which gave us a better understanding of gravity and Edwin Hubble who discovered that galaxies are moving apart one from one another.
When the cosmic backround radiation was dicovered by accident, with the other observational evidence , made the Big Bang the accepted theory in science. Along with technological development, humanity was able to reproduce the image of the Big Bang the entire cosmos structure.
Despite of the name of the Big Bang, there wasn't any explosion, it was the universe stretching everywhere from a small, small piece to football ball and so on, geeting bigger and bigger. The amazing fact is that the universe could not stretch to a certain shape. The universe has no limits and borders, so there is no possible way that something is outside of it. The universe is all there is.
We divide the stages of the universe's evolution into:
According to the Hot Big Bang model, developed in 1948 by George Gamow and his student Ralph Alpher, it can be assumed that at the birth of the Universe, at a huge temperature of 10^32 K, he was a hyper-spatial, ten-dimensional creation in which all interaction and there was one big symmetry of GUT.
Expansion
In this hot enviromnet the energy manifested itself existedonli for a small glimpses of time. From gluons, Quarks were created which destroyed one another, after giving more gluons. Matter and energy were equivalent, like they were the same substation. Matter during evolution has formed against the background of antimatter, practically excluding it completely. After temperature decreased quarks begin forming new molecule, hadrons, like protons and neutrons. Only a few of created hadrons were enough stable for any lenght of time.
The temperature is cold enough and the universe has grown to one hundred bilion kilometers, and that's only 1 second from the beginning of everything, so neutrons started to decay into protons, and form the first atom.
Atoms created from hadrons and electrons, made stable electrically natural environment called Dark Age due to the fact that there were no stars and hydrogen gas didn't allow the light to move around. After millions of years later the galaxies and stars started to form under pressure of radiaton which spread the hydrogen into the plasma, which allowed visible light to pass.
What happened before The Big Bang ?
From the point of view of the standard model of the Big Bang and the classic (non-quantitative) theory of gravity, we can not talk about the period before the Big Bang, as the Universe was created at the time of the Big Bang, and with it: space, matter and time, all known by humanity tools can't estimate what happened there, the time becomes immeasurable. To explain what happened before, we need something countless, but that leaves us with a lot of unansewered questions.
According to the scenario based on the brane cosmology, it is possible that our Universe was created as a result of one of the repetitive stages of expansion and collapse of space. There are also quantum models that do not require the standard Big Bang and the general theory of relativity of boundary conditions and peculiarities.
References:
[1] http://fizyka.net.pl/astronomia/astronomia_k2.html
[2] https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_timeline.html
[3] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Wybuch
[4] https://futurism.com/ghost-galaxies-a-cosmic-riddle/
