A few days ago, I showed photos from a brochure called the "Celebrating 100 Years of ANA's National Coin Week".

I would like to feature in this article another U.S. Gold Coin.

1799 $10 Turban Head Gold Eagle

Large Stars Obverse
Heraldic Eagle - Capped Bust Facing Right
Mintage: N/A Minted at: Philadelphia (No Mint Mark)

Three gold denominations—the quarter eagle, half eagle, and eagle—carrying values of two dollars and fifty cents, five dollars, and ten dollars, respectively, were introduced by the Coinage Act of 1792. In 1795, the half eagle was the first coin struck in gold. The quarter eagle in 1796 and the eagle later that year came next. The eagle was mainly meant for foreign trade rather than domestic commerce because of its high worth.

The bust of Liberty, facing right, is shown on the obverse of the Capped Bust Eagle. Just above her neck's truncation, part of her drapery is exposed. Liberty has a lock of hair that wraps upwards around her Phrygian cap, giving her a turban-like appearance. The date is below, the word LIBERTY is above, and there are differing numbers of stars on either side. There are fifteen obverse stars on the coins from 1795 and a few from 1796. A sixteenth star was added after Tennessee was admitted to the Union in the middle of 1796. Thirteen stars were the final count in 1798 and would stay that way until the series' conclusion.

From 1795 to 1797, the first reverse design—also referred to as the "small eagle" subtype—was in use. An eagle with its wings spread and an olive wreath in its beak is depicted in the design. The palm branch on which the eagle is perched typically has thirteen leaves, however there is a documented reverse die with nine leaves. The image is surrounded by the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and the space beneath the eagle is left empty. The denomination is not stated, just like with other early American gold coins.

The reverse of the coin I am featuring has the Great Seal of the United States as the inspiration for the second reverse, also referred to as the "heraldic eagle" subtype. An eagle with a shield over its breast is shown in a fairly strange pose. Between the eagle's head and the group of clouds overhead, thirteen stars can be seen. A bundle of arrows and an olive branch are separately held in the eagle's talons. Once more, the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA are displayed without specifying the denomination. This reverse design debuted in 1797 and was in use until the series' end in 1804. Robert Scot designed both the common obverse and both reverses.

Due to insufficient gold reserves and the general predilection for half eagles, the Capped Bust Eagle had low mintages during the first subtype's manufacture. Up to the manufacture of gold eagles and silver dollars being stopped by President Thomas Jefferson in 1804, the second subtype often saw higher mintages. During this period, the Napoleonic Wars had increased the value of gold globally and a significant amount of gold coins were being melted. It would take until 1838 for the gold eagle denomination to be produced again after Congress changed the bimetallic ratio of gold to silver in American coins.

Reference
https://www.apmex.com/product/204152/1799-10-turban-head-gold-eagle-ms-61-pcgs-large-stars-obv
https://www.usacoinbook.com/coins/4065/gold-10-eagle/turban-head/1799-P/large-stars-obverse/
https://cappedbusteagle.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars

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