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"Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds", Gillings, M. R., Hilbert, M., & Kemp, D. J. (2016), Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(3), 180–189
Open Access: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/38f4b791
Cell: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013
Schematic timeline of information and replicators in the biosphere: major evolutionary transitions in information processing
Metasystem transition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasystem_transition