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My first thought goes to the Egyptians.
The question of who invented the first calendar is very hard to answer -- no one knows for sure. Many ancient societies had them. The Egyptians are, however, credited with the first solar calendar (based on the sun as opposed to on the cycles of the moon).
Julian Calendar-
The New Year in 709 AUC began on 1 January and ran over 365 days until 31 December. Further adjustments were made under Augustus, who introduced the concept of the "leap year" in 757 AUC (AD 4). The resultant Julian calendar remained in almost universal use in Europe until 1582
Gregorian calendar-
In 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced his Gregorian calendar, Europe adhered to the Julian calendar, first implemented by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. Since the Roman emperor's system miscalculated the length of the solar year by 11 minutes, the calendar had since fallen out of sync with the seasons.
