Ancient Egypt is an ancient civilization in the northeast of Africa. The civilization of ancient Egyptians centered on the banks of the Nile in what is now the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egyptian civilization began around 3150 BC, when King Mena united Upper and Lower Egypt, and then developed over the next three thousand years. Historically included a series of politically unstable kingdoms, interspersed with periods of relative instability called intermediate periods. Ancient Egypt reached the height of its civilization in the New Kingdom era, and then entered the country in a slow decline. Egypt was attacked at that time by many foreign powers. The rule of the pharaohs ended when the Roman Empire invaded Egypt and made it one of its provinces.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization derived from the ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley, where all the elements of agriculture were available from fertile soil, water and climate. Flood forecasting and control of its damage have helped to produce abundant agricultural crops that have contributed to social and cultural development. With the availability of materials, the authorities have exploited minerals found in the valley and the surrounding desert areas. It has developed a separate writing system. Collective construction and agricultural projects were organized, in addition to trade with the surrounding areas of Egypt. The strengthening of the military forces was military defense necessary to resist the enemies of the outside and to confirm the pharaonic domination of the country.
The organization and stimulation of these activities was carried out through a group of bureaucrats and religious and administrative leaders under the control of the Pharaoh, who was keen on cooperation and unity among the Egyptians, in the context of the system of arbitrarily detained religious.
The achievements of the ancient Egyptians included the exploitation of quarries, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the construction of pyramids, temples and temples, as well as a practical and effective mathematics system in medicine. Irrigation systems, agricultural production techniques, the first known of vessels, Egyptian Qishani and glass painting technology, new forms of literature, and the first known peace treaty. Ancient Egypt was left a permanent legacy of all mankind, and the ancient Greeks took many and were swallowed up by the Romans. The Egyptian civilization, art and architecture have been reproduced and reproduced widely in the world, and their effects have been spread to distant parts of the world. The ruins and residues inspired the imagination of travelers and writers for centuries, and discoveries in the early days of the modern discoveries and Egyptian excavations to scientific research of Egyptian civilization manifested in science called Egyptology, and more appreciation of its cultural heritage in Egypt and the world.
