Reza Khan” redirects here. For other uses, see Reza Khan (disambiguation).
“Shah Reza” redirects here. For other uses, see Shah Reza (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with ShahI we Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his son, or Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, his grandson.
Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persian: رضا شاه پهلوی; pronounced [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː]; 15 March 1878–26 July 1944), commonly known as Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.
Two years after the 1921 Persian coup d’état, led by Zia’eddin TabatabaeeReza Pahlavi became Iran’s prime minister. The appointment was backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925 Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by decision of Iran’s constituent assembly. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran’s 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state.
His legacy remains controversial to this day. His defenders assert that he was an essential modernizing force for Iran (whose international prominence had sharply declined during Qajar rule), while his detractors assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran’s large peasant population eventually sowing the seeds for the Iranian Revolution nearly four decades later, which ended 2,500 years of Persian monarchy.[3][4]Moreover, his insistence on ethnic nationalism and cultural unitarism, along with forced detribalization and sedentarization, resulted in the suppression of several ethnic and social groups. Similar to Atatürk’s policy of Turkification his government also carried out an extensive policy of Persianization trying to create a single, united and largely homogeneous nation.[5]
Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, Alasht, Mazandaran Province
This article contains Persian text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, in 1878, to Major Abbas-Ali Khan and Noush-Afarin.[6][7]His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire),[8][9]whose family had emigrated to mainland Persia (Iran)after Qajar Empire was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasusfollowing the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah’s birth.[10]His father was commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. Upon his father’s death, Reza and his mother moved to her brother’s house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle. In 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Vartan Gorguekoohi, an officer in the Persian army.[11]When Rezā was sixteen years old, he joined the Persian Cossack Brigade. In 1903, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general Frits Knobel. Reza was 25 years old then.
He also served in the Iranian Army, where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant under Qajar Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma’s command. In 1911, he gave a good account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to Captain in 1912. By 1915 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel.[12]His record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a Brigadier General in the Persian Cossack Brigade. He was the last commanding officer of the Brigade, and the only Iranian commander in its history, succeeding to this position the Russian colonel Vsevolod Starosselsky, whom Reza Shah had helped, in 1918, take over the brigade. He was also one of the last individuals to become an officer of the Neshan-e Aqdas prior to the collapse of the Qajar dynasty in 1925.[13]
See also: Iranian Constitutional Revolution
Main article: 1921 Persian coup d’état
Reza Pahlavi behind a machine gun
In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard for an attack into Russia in an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Revolution. The Soviet Unionresponded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic. The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland.
In late 1920, the Soviets in Rasht prepared to march on Tehran with “a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis”, reinforced by the Soviet Red Army. This, along with various other unrest in the country, created “an acute political crisis in the capital.”[14]
Reza Pahlavi portrait during his time as war minister
On 14 January 1921, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General Edmund “Tiny” Ironside, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade.[15]About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade, based in Niyarak, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and seized the capital. He forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that Seyyed Zia’eddin Tabatabaee be appointed Prime Minister.[16]Reza Khan’s first role in the new government was as Commander of the Iranian Army, which he combined with the post of Minister of War. He took the title Sardar Sepah (Persian: سردار سپاه), or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, the Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the Bolsheviks for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Article IV of the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia, should they believe foreign troops were using it as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory. As Soviets interpreted the treaty, they could invade if events in Persia should prove threatening to Soviet national security. This treaty would cause enormous tension between the two nations until the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran.[citation needed]
The coup d’état of 1921 was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks’ penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the British possessions in India. It is thought that the British provided “ammunition, supplies and pay” for Reza’s troops. On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power.[17]General Ironside gave a situation report to the British War Office saying that a capable Persian officer was in command of the Cossacks and this “would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour.”[18][19][20][21]
Reza Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran’s interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government.[22]Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in Gilan, and the Kurds of Khorasan.[23][verification needed]
Reza Khan behind Ahmad Shah Qajar
Military parade in Tehran on the occasion of the coronation of Reza Shah, 1926
By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran’s interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed Prime Minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile) until his death.[24]It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of Janab-i-Ashraf (His Serene Highness) and Hazrat-i-Ashraf on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.[25]By October 1925, he succeeded in pressuring the Majlis to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah, and instate him as the next Shah of Iran. Initially, he had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.[26]
The Majlis, convening as a Constituent Assembly, declared him the Shah(King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Constitution of Iran.[27]Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. At this time he was 47 years old. Reza Shah’s coronation took place much later, on 25 April 1926. It was at that time that his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was proclaimed the Crown Princeof Persia — to rule after his father.[28]
Coronation of Reza Shah
While the Shah left behind no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, his reforms indicated a striving for an Iran which — according to scholar Ervand Abrahamian — would be “free of clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, and ethnic differences”, on the one hand, and on the other hand would contain “European-style educational institutions, Westernized women active outside the home, and modern economic structures with state factories, communication networks, investment banks, and department stores.”[29]Reza is said to have avoided political participation and consultation with politicians or political personalities, instead embracing the slogan “every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system.” He is also said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens.[30]
Reza Shah’s reign has been said to have consisted of “two distinct periods”. From 1925 to 1933, figures such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash, Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz, and Ali Akbar Davar and many other western-educated Iranians emerged to implement modernist plans, such as the construction of railways, a modern judiciary and educational system, and the imposition of changes in traditional attire, and traditional and religious customs and mores. In the second half of his reign (1933–41), which the Shah described as “one-man rule”, strong personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist and Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented.[31]
Modernization
Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the University of Tehran’s Faculty of Medicine.
During Reza Shah’s sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the Trans-Iranian Railway were built, modern education was introduced and the University of Tehran, the first Iranian university, was established.[32]The government sponsored European educations for many Iranian students.[33]The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000.[34]
Reza Shah opening a railway station
Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women’s Awakening (1936–1941). This movement sought the elimination of the chador from Iranian working society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. The unveiling issue and the Women’s Awakening are linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran in 1932.
Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great. Reza Shah’s reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the ghetto.[35]This point of view, however, may be refuted by the claims that the anti-Jewish incidents of September 1922 in parts of Tehran was a plot by Reza Khan.[36]
He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.[37]
Parliament and ministers
Reza Shah addressing Iranian parliament, 1939
Parliamentary elections during the Shah’s reign were not democratic.[38]The general practice was to “draw up, with the help of the police chief, a list of parliamentary candidates for the interior minister. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. … [who] handed down the list to the supervisory electoral councils that were packed by the Interior Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule.”[39]
Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. His minister of Imperial Court, Abdolhossein Teymourtash, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. The minister of finance, Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III, who played an important role in the first three years of his reign, was convicted on similar charges in May 1930, and also died in prison, in January 1938. Ali-Akbar Davar, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. The elimination of these ministers “deprived” Iran “of her most dynamic figures … and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah” according to historian Cyrus Ghani.[40][41]
Replacement of Persia with Iran
Reza Shah at Persepolis
In the Western world, Persia (or its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran in the Western countries. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and League of Nations to use the term Iran (“Land of the Aryans”), the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word “Iran” has become more common. This also changed the usage of the names for the Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from Persian to Iranian. In 1959, the government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi’s son, announced that both “Persia” and “Iran” could officially be used interchangeably. Persian is the name of one of the ethnic groups of Iran, Persia (locally known as Pars) is the name of one of Iran’s significant cultural provinces and the Persian language[42]Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the Sasanian Empire, many countries including the English-speaking world knew the country as Persia, a legacy of the Greeks who referred to the entire country after the province of Pars.[43]While Persians are only one of several ethnic groups in Iran, their home province Pars was a center of political power in ancient times under the Achaemenid Empire and Sasanian Empire as well as other Iranian dynasties, hence the somewhat misleading usage of the name Persia (in other countries) up to 1935 when referring to Iran as a whole.
Support and opposition
Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central “pillar” was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran “increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941.” Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000 full-time government workers.[44]Patronage controlled by the Shah’s royal court served as the third “pillar”. This was financed by the Shah’s considerable personal wealth which had been built up by forced sales and confiscations of estates, making him “the richest man in Iran”. On his abdication Reza Shah “left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres.”[45]
Opposition to the Shah came not so much from the landed upper class as from “the tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order.”[46]
Clash with the clergy
As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran’s clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom’s Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah’s wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom.[47]In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.[48]This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during salat as required by Islamic law.[49]The Shah also encouraged women to discard hijab. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls’ athletic event with an uncovered head.[49]
Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials and their wives commemorating the abolition of the chadors. (1936)
The devout were also angered by policies that allowed mixing of the sexes. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine,[49]and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurant, and hotels that did not open their doors to both sexes.[50]Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies. He restricted public mourning observances to one day and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques.[51]
By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah’s rule had caused intense dissatisfaction of the Shi’a clergy throughout Iran.[52]In 1935, a backlash erupted in the Mashed shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah’s “heretical” innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as “The Shah is a new Yezid.” For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from Iranian Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[53]killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi’ite clergy and the Shah.[54]Some of the Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Keeper of the Keys of the shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later named Barjesteh, who stated he did not want to listen to the orders of a dog.[55]
The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident, banning the chador and ordering all citizens — rich and poor — to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.[56]
Foreign affairs and influence
Reza Shah with president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey
Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.
One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Teheran was to tear up the treaty with the Soviet Union. The Bolshevikscondemned the aggressive foreign policy of Imperial Russia, promised never to interfere in Persia’s internal affairs, but reserved the right to occupy it temporarily in the event another power used Persia for an attack on Soviet Russia.[citation needed]
Reza Shah met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and spoke in Azeri Turkish with him and Atatürk spoke in Istanbul Turkish[57][58][59][60][61]in 1934.[62]
In 1931, he refused to allow Imperial Airways to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned Lufthansa Airlines. The next year, 1932, he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded to William Knox D’Arcy (and then called Anglo-Persian Oil Company), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. The British took the dispute before the League of Nations. However, before a decision was made by the League, the company and Iran compromised and a new concession was signed on 26 April 1933.[63]
He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist Arthur Millspaugh, who acted as the nation’s finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia’s long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the British government.
This photograph’s inscription reads: His Imperial Majesty — Reza Shah Pahlavi — Shahanshah of Iran — With the Best Wishes — Berlin, 12 March 1936 — Adolf Hitler.
In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the British Imperial Bank to his National Bank of Iran (Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system, from the Indo-European Telegraph Company to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.[64]
Not all observers agree that the Shah minimized foreign influence. One complaint about his development program was that the north-south railway line he had built was uneconomical, only serving the British, who had a military presence in the south of Iran and desired the ability to transfer their troops north to Russia, as part of their strategic defence plan. In contrast, the Shah’s regime did not develop what critics believe was an economically justifiable east-west railway system.[65]However nowadays, it is importance of north south transit corridor is considered as important and there is no justification about west-east transit.[66][67][68]
On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that Persiawas a term used for a country identified as Iran in the Persian language. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, particularly the language. Opponents[who?]claimed that this act brought cultural damage to the country and separated Iran from its past in the West (see Iran naming dispute). The name Iran means “Land of the Aryans”.
Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the Soviet Union, the Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country’s commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932 the Shah offended Britain by canceling the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran’s oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran’s demands and left bad feeling on both sides.
To counterbalance British and Soviet influence, Reza Shah encouraged German commercial enterprise in Iran. On the eve of World War II, Germany was Iran’s largest trading partner.[69]The Germans agreed to sell the Shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a sine qua non of progress and modernity. His foreign policy, which had consisted essentially of playing the Soviet Union off against Great Britain, failed when those two powers joined in 1941 to fight the Germans. To supply the Soviet forces with war material through Iran, the two allies jointly occupied the country in August 1941.[70]
Later years of reign
Reza Shah in his office (Green Palace) at Saadabad Palace complex, 1941
The Shah’s reign is sometimes divided into periods. During the first period, which lasted from 1925–1932, the country benefited greatly from the contributions of many of the country’s best and brightest, to whom should accrue the credit for laying the foundations of modern Iran. All the worthwhile efforts of Reza Shah’s reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period, a period during which he required the assistance of reformists to gain the requisite legitimacy to consolidate this modern reign. In particular, Abdolhossein Teymourtash assisted by Farman Farma, Davar and a large number of modern educated Iranians, proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905–1911. The preservation and promotion of the country’s historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution.
The later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of Iran and also to the industrialization of the country. He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians, and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.
Reza Shah meeting officials in Saadabad Palace, 1940
Shah tried to create a confederation of Iran’s neighbors, in particular Turkeyand the Middle Eastern countries. The death of Kemal Atatürk and the start of the Second World War left these projects unfinished.[71]
The parliament assented to his decrees,[72]the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh, the murder of others such as Teymourtash, Sardar Asad, Firouz, Modarres, Arbab Keikhosroand the suicide of Davar, ensured that any progress was stillborn and the formation of a democratic process unattainable. Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and technocrats with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained unproductive and inefficient.[73]The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims.[74]He confiscated land from the Qajars and from his rivals and into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated.[75]He became totally dependent on his military force and the army, which in return regularly received up to 50 percent of the public revenue to guarantee its loyalty.[74]
Although the landed upper class lost its influence during his reign, his new regime aroused opposition not from the gentry but mainly from Iranian “tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order.”[76]
World War II and forced abdication
Main article: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Reza Shah and Crown Prince Mohammad Reza in a train
In August 1941, the Allied powers Great Britain and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran’s water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to Isfahan[77]
The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many of the military generals had behaved incompetently or secretly sympathised with the British and ended up sabotaging the Iranian resistance.The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah learned of the generals’ actions, he beat the head of the armed forces General Ahmad Nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. He was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.[78]
Reza Shah in exile
The Shah ordered the resignation of the pro-British Prime Minister Ali Mansur, whom he blamed for demoralising the military.[79]He was replaced with Mohammad Ali Foroughi, a former prime minister. The Shah ordered the Iranian military to end resistance and order a ceasefire. He entered into negotiations with the British and Soviets.[80]Foroughi was an enemy of Reza Shah (he was forced into retirement in earlier years for political reasons, and his son was executed by firing squad). When he entered into negotiations with the British, instead of negotiating a favourable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be “liberated” from the Shah’s rule.[79]The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw from Iran, the Iranians would have to assure that the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian legationsshould close and all remaining German nationals (including all families) to be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain imprisonment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah delayed on the last demand. Instead, he planned the secret evacuation of all German nationals from Iran. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.[81]
In response to the Shah’s defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his abdication, as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar Dynasty to power, but the heir to Ahmad Shah Qajar since that last Qajar Shah’s death in 1930, Hamid Hassan Mirza, was a British citizen who spoke no Persian. Instead (with the help of Foroughi), Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.[79]
The British left the Shah a face-saving way out:[82]
“ Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution. ”
The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in response to Reza for having denied the request to remove the German residents, who could threaten the Abadan refinery. Reza Shah further refused the Allies’ requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran, and denied the use of the railway to the Allies. However, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran — from technicians to spies — was no more than one thousand.[83]Because of its importance in the allied victory, Iran was subsequently called “The Bridge of Victory” by Winston Churchill.[84]
Reza Shah’s legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after 1979 Revolution
Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.
Critics and defenders
Reza Shah’s main critics were the so-called “new intelligensia”, often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah “was not a state-builder[85]but an ‘oriental despot’ … not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted Cossack trained by the Tsaristsand brought to power by British imperialists.”[86]His defenders included Ahmad Kasravi, a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement, who had strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the 1909 siege of Tabriz.[87]When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; “Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah.”[88][89]
Clarmont Skrine, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to Mauritius, writes in his book, World War In Iran: “Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled ‘The Great’ in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history”.[90]
Reza Shah’s funeral in Tehran
Mausoleum of Reza Shah in Rey, Tehran, Iran
Like his son after him, his life in exile was short. After Great Britain and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his children to Mauritius,[91]then to Durban, thence Johannesburg, South Africa, where according to his British captors, he died on 26 July 1944 of a heart ailment about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King’s morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life.[92]He was sixty-six years old at the time of his death.
After his death, his body was carried to Egypt, where it was embalmed and kept at the royal Al Rifa’i Mosque in Cairo, (also the future burial place of his son, the exiled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi).[92]In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran,[93]where the embalming was removed, and buried in a mausoleum built in his honor in the town of Ray, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. Satellite map The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title “the Great” to be added to his name. On 14 January 1979, shortly before the Iranian Revolution, the remains were moved back to Egyptand buried in the Al Rifa’i Mosque in Cairo.[92]However, in a recent documentary “From Tehran to Cairo,” his daughter-in-law, Empress Farahclaimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Rey.
After the 1979 revolution and during the period of the Interim Government of Iran, Iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric Sadeq Khalkhali. During this rampage, happening all over the nation, any construction depicting or even citing the name of the Shah and his family was destroyed. This included the destruction of Reza Shah’s mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body.[94]
In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah’s was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran. Officials said that they reburied the body.[95][96]
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500 Rials Iranian Reza Shah-depicted banknote
Reza Shah’s major achievements included:
Successful suppression of separatist movements and reunification of Iranunder a powerful central government.
Foundation of the first judicial system of Iran.
Foundation of the first health care system and public hospitals across the country.
Eradication of epidemic diseases such as malaria.
Reestablishment of Iranian Gendarmerie and Shahrbani in order to enforce the law, limit civil disorder and protect property.
Foundation of Trans-Iranian Railway which connected Caspian Sea to Persian Gulf.[97]
Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles.
Creation of the modern-day Iranian Army (Iranian Air Force, Iranian Navy, Iranian Ground Forces).
Creation of the first Iranian radio.
Creation of national Museum of Iran.
Rebuilding Iran’s historical sites including Tomb of Ferdowsi and Tomb of Hafez.
Organizing the Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of Ferdowsi’s birth as the savior of Persian language and Iranian identity.
Creation of Iran’s Academy of Persian Language and Literature in order to protect Iran’s official language.
Building many roads, tunnels and bridges all over the country such as Kandovan road, Pahlavi Street, Kandovan tunnel and Veresk bridge.
The first scientific excavations at Persepolis, the ancient capital of the Achaemenid Empire, were carried out by the initiative of Reza Shah. Ernst Herzfeld and Erich Schmidt representing the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.
Creation of the Iran’s first national bank known as Bank Melli Iran and other Iranian banks such as Bank Sepah and Keshavarzi Bank.[98]
Creation of the first university in Iran which is known as University of Tehran.
Transferring and providing full scholarships for the Iranian students to European countries for studying abroad.
Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on bribes.
Creation of the first national school system and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Islamic madreseh and Quran was the only form of schooling available.
Establishment of the first Iranian kindergarten and school for deaf people.
Creation of the Iran Scout Organization.
Creation of birth certificates and Identification cards for all Iranians.[99]
Creation of the first Iranian airplane factory with buying license from Germany.
Building the first Iranian airport known as Mehrabad airport.
Changing Iranian currency from Toman to Rial.
Restoring Persian calendar and making it the official calendar of Iran.
Kashf-e hijab (Unveiling). On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah issued a decree banning all veils (headscarf and chador), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented.[100][79][101][102][103]The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing.[104][105][106]
In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.
In popular culture
Mohsen Namjoo, Iranian singer-songwriter has a song in his 7th album, “Trust the Tangerine Peel” named “Reza Khan” which criticizes Reza Shah’s behaviors and harsh actions.[107]
Reza Shah and his children, 1920s
Reza Shah married his first wife in 1894 when he was 16 years old. Her name was Maryam Khanum. She died in 1904 when Reza was 26 years old. They had one daughter:
Hamdamsaltaneh Pahlavi (1903–1978)
In 1903 (divorced 1904), Reza Shah married Tajmah Khanum (died 1912), a lady from Hamadam, without issue.[citation needed]
In 1913 (divorced 1913), Reza Shah married Safiah Khanum, without issue.[citation needed]
Reza Shah’s fourth wife was Tadj ol-Molouk (1896–1982),[108][109]by whom he had four children:
Princess Shams Pahlavi (1917–1996)
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1919–1980)
Princess Ashraf Pahlavi (1919–2016)
Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi (1922–1954).
In 1922 (divorced 1923), Reza Shah married Turan (Qamar ol-Molouk) Amir Soleimani (1904–1995), by whom he had one son:[110]
Gholam Reza Pahlavi (1923–2017)
Reza Shah’s last wife was Esmat Dowlatshahi (1904–1995), by whom he had five children:
Abdul Reza Pahlavi (1924–2004)
Ahmad Reza Pahlavi (1925–1981)
Mahmud Reza Pahlavi (1926–2001)
Fatimeh Pahlavi (1928–1987)[111]
Hamid Reza Pahlavi (1932–1992).[112]
Mohammad Ali Foroughi (1st Term) (1 November 1925–13 June 1926)
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (6th Term) (13 June 1926–2 June 1927)
Mehdi Qoli Hedayat (2 June 1927–18 September 1933)
Mohammad-Ali Foroughi (2nd Term) (18 September 1933–3 December 1935)
Mahmoud Jam (3 December 1935–26 October 1939)
Ahmad Matin-Daftari (26 October 1939–26 June 1940)
Ali Mansur (26 June 1940–27 August 1941)
Throughout his lifetime, and even after his death, Reza Shah was addressed with variety of titles. In his youth, based on his place of origin, he was addressed as “Reza Savadkuhi”. Upon joining the military, he earned the name, “Reza Maxim”, due to his proficiency with using the Maxim gun. Yet, the most common name his comrades used to addressed him with was “Reza Khan”. In 1911, after rising to higher ranks within the hierarchy of Iran’s military, he earned the title of “Reza Mirpanj” (5 stripe), which was the equivalent of Arteshbod. After the military coup of 1921, and attaining the positions of minister of war and the commander-in-chief, he was addressed as “Sardar Sepah”. In 1923 he became Prime Minister and was bestowed with the style of Serene Highness (Janab-i-Ashraf), and later elevated to Highness(Hazrat-i-Ashraf) upon his granting of dictatorial powers by parliament.[113]
Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, “Reza Shah Pahlavi”.[114]In the Spring of 1950, after the foundation of National Consultative Assembly, he was given the title “Reza Shah The Great”.[115][116]
Honours
Iranian decorations[113]
Decoration of the Imperial Portrait, 1st Class of the Persian Empire (1923)
Nishan-i-Aqdas, 1st Class of the Persian Empire (1923)
Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class of the Persian Empire (1923)
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Pahlavi (1932)
Founder and Sovereign of the Military Order of Merit (1937)
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Honor (1937)
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Light of the Aryans (1939)
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the August (1939)
Foreign decorations[113]
Kingdom of Afghanistan: Grand Collar of the Order of the Supreme Sun(1928)
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (1937)
Czechoslovakia: Collar 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion (1935)
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (20 January 1937)[117]
Kingdom of Egypt:
Chain of Fuad I (1939)
Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (1932)
France: Grand Cross of the Legion d’honneur (1937)
Kingdom of Iraq: Collar of the Grand Order of the Hashimites (1932)
Kingdom of Italy:
Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1939)
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1939)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1939)
Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1929)
Russian Empire: Knight 2nd Class of the Order of St. Stanislaus, with swords
Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (1934)
Reza Shah’s mausoleum
Abolhassan Diba
Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Human rights in the Pahlavi Dynasty
Sar-Lashkar Muhammad-Hussein Ayrom
Abdolhossein Teymourtash
Sar Lashgar Buzarjomehri
Mahmud Khan Puladeen
Amanullah Jahanbani
Colonel Pessian
Khaz’al Khan
Sepahbod Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi
Fazlollah Zahedi
^ Rahnema, Ali (2011). Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN9781139495622.
^ Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan 2011 pages 22–23.
^ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.91
^ Roger Homan, “The Origins of the Iranian Revolution,” International Affairs 56/4 (Autumn 1980): 673–7.
^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 123–163. ISBN9780691053424. OCLC 7975938.
^ Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978–0–520–25328–5. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). “Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926”. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24: 639–663. doi:10.1017/s0020743800022388. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. (..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother’s care in Tehran. (…).
^ The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. 2012. p. 3. (…) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (…). |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
^ Homa Katouzian. State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 978–1845112721 p 269
^ Nahai, Gina B. (2000). Cry of the Peacock. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 180. ISBN 0–7434–0337–1. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
^ “History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi — Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)”. Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Christopher Buyers, Persia, The Qajar Dynasty: Orders & DecorationsRoyal Ark
^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), pp. 116–7.
^ Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (6 January 2001). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–. ISBN978–1–86064–629–4.
^ “The Pahlavi Era of Iran”. Archived from the original on 13 November 1999. Retrieved 4 August 2006.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) para. 2, 3
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^ Report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, vol. 3, p. 384
^ Ansari, Ali M. Modern Iran since 1921 (Longman, 2003: ISBN 0–582–35685–7), pp. 26–31.
^ For fine discussions of this period and Ironside’s key role, see R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921, 3 (Princeton, 1972)
^ D. Wright, The English amongst the Persians (London, 1977), pp. 180–84. Ironside’s diary is the main document.
^ Makki Hossein, The History of Twenty Years, Vol.2, Preparations For Change of Monarchy (Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945), pp. 87–90, 358–451.
^ Cottam, Nationalism in Iran.
^ Bahman Amir Hosseini Archived 24 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ “Political history. Mahrzad Brujerdi”. Aftab. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Glenn E. Curtis, Eric Hooglund (2008). “Iran: A Country Study”. Government Printing Office. p. 27.
^ “Mashallah Ajudani”. Ajoudani. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ “Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events”. BBC. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
^ Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 1982, p. 140
^ Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam(ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p. 15
^ Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam p. 32
^ Iran: Recent History, The Education System
^ John Stanton, “Iran’s Reza Pahlavi: A Puppet of the US and Israel?Archived 12 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine”.
^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 1982, p. 146.
^ “A Brief History of Iranian Jews”. Iran Online. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Mohammad Gholi Majd, Great Britain and Reza Shah, University Press of Florida, 2001, p.169
^ “Guel Kohan”. Talash-online. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Amin, A Rich Record: The Cultural, Political and Social Transformation of Iran Under the Pahlavis, Tehran, 2005, p. 15.
^ Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions 1982, p. 138
^ Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1–86064–629–8, 2000 page 403
^ Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country.
^ Yarshater, Ehsan Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Iranian Studies, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989)
^ Encarta: Reza Shah Pahlavi
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^ Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions 1982, p. 137
^ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, 2008, p. 92.
^ Mackey, Sandra The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York: Dutton, c1996. p. 181
^ Mackey, The Iranians, (1996) p. 184
^ a b c Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), pp. 93–94
^ Mackey, The Iranians, (1996) p. 182
^ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 94
^ Rajaee, Farhang, Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0–8191–3578-X
^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 94
^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolutionby Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p. 22
^ http://www.barjesteh.nl/alavi.htm
^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 95
^ https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Reza-Shah-Historic-Footage-with-Soundtrack
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^ Alidad Mafinezam; Aria Mehrabi (2008). Iran and Its Place Among Nations. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57–. ISBN 978–0–275–99926–1.
^ Rami Yelda (18 July 2012). A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited. AuthorHouse. pp. 33–. ISBN 978–1–4772–0291–3.
^ “Persian Paradox”. Time. 8 September 1941.
^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, pp. 143–44.
^ Makki Hossein (1945). History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy. Tehran: Nasher Publication. pp. 484–485.
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^ آمار ترانزیت کالا از کشور و میزان کالاهاى عبورى نشان دهنده نقش و اهمیت کریدور شمال و جنـوب درترانزیت کشور است که با کامل شدن زیرساخت هاى لازم این نقش به مراتب افزایش خواهد یافت.ولى بـا دقـت در ایـن آمارها مشاهده مى شود که نقش کریدور شرق به غرب در کشور، همچنان کمرنگ و بى رونق است
^ [2]
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^ Katouzian, Homa (2006). State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: I.B. Tauris, pp. 33–34, 335–336, ISBN 9781845112721
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^ Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (2000). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I.B.Tauris. pp. 163–. ISBN 978–1–86064–629–4.
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Reza Shah
House of Pahlavi
Born: 15 March 1878 Died: 26 July 1944 Iranian royalty Preceded by
Ahmad Shah Qajar Shah of Iran
15 December 1925–16 September 1941 Succeeded by
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Political offices Preceded by
Hassan Pirnia Prime Minister of Iran
28 October 1923–1 November 1925 Succeeded by
Mohammad-Ali Foroughi Preceded by
Masoud Kayhan Minister of War
24 April 1921–13 June 1926 Military offices Preceded by
Ahmad Shah Qajar Commander-in-Chief of Iran
14 February 1925–16 September 1941 Succeeded by
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Preceded by
Vsevolod Starosselsky Commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade
1920–1921 Succeeded by
Ghassem Khan Vali Non-profit organization positions Preceded by
Mostowfi ol-Mamalek Chairman of the Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society
1931–1941 Succeeded by
Originally published at en.wikipedia.org.
