Common human gut bacteria, particularly Bacteroides uniformis, can bioaccumulate PFAS "forever chemicals". These bacteria act as "vacuum cleaners," soaking up PFNA and PFOA into their cells and allowing them to be excreted through feces, potentially reducing the amount that enters the human bloodstream.

Impact on Bacteria: While some membrane-related changes occur, the bacteria do not die. In fact, some Bacteroides evolved to grow faster after generations of exposure to PFAS.

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glucose sugar, Carboxylic acid citric vinegar and coconut oil MCTs combined chemical reaction solubility glucose ester free fatty acids glycerol

When you combine glucose, citric acid (the active acid in vinegar/citrus), and coconut oil MCTs (Medium-Chain Triglycerides), they do not spontaneously form a single, uniform compound. Instead, you are looking at two distinct biochemical and chemical processes: Esterification and Hydrolysis.

Here is exactly how these components interact chemically:

Citric Acid + Coconut MCTs (Hydrolysis & Transesterification)

The Reaction: In chemistry, MCTs are triglycerides—meaning they consist of a glycerol backbone bonded to three medium-chain fatty acids. If these are combined with citric acid and water (or under high heat and pressure), the citric acid can act as an acid catalyst to break the ester bonds holding the MCTs together.

The Products: This reaction (known as acid-catalyzed hydrolysis) breaks the MCTs into free fatty acids (like caprylic or capric acid) and glycerol.

Solubility: The free fatty acids are highly hydrophobic (water-repelling) and will not dissolve in water or glucose syrup, but they are highly soluble in non-polar solvents. The glycerol, however, is highly soluble in water.

Glucose + Free Fatty Acids (Esterification)

The Reaction: If you apply heat, a catalyst (like citric acid), and remove the water byproduct, a process called esterification occurs. The carboxylic acid group of a free fatty acid bonds to a hydroxyl (-OH) group on the glucose molecule.

The Products: This forms a glucose ester (specifically, a glucose fatty acid ester) and releases water.

Solubility: Glucose itself is highly water-soluble but insoluble in oil. When chemically converted into a glucose ester, the molecule becomes amphiphilic, meaning it has both a hydrophilic (water-loving) glucose head and a lipophilic (oil-loving) fatty acid tail. Because of this, glucose esters are highly valued in food and cosmetic industries as non-ionic surfactants or emulsifiers.

If you mix all four together:

Solubility changes dynamically: Glucose is soluble in water, while MCTs are soluble in oil.

Citric acid's dual role: It provides a mildly acidic environment to initiate hydrolysis (cleaving MCTs into glycerol and free fatty acids) and acts as an esterification catalyst (joining the free fatty acids to the glucose).

The final mixture: You will theoretically end up with a heterogeneous blend of unreacted glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, and newly synthesized glucose esters, along with water