Bat Chiroptera
Moth Lepidoptera
Symbiont
Endosymbiont Symbiogenesis
Symbiotica
Intracellular Obligate
Reductive Genome
Mobile Genetic Elements
Vertical Horizontal
Gene Transfer
Transmission
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Bacteriocyte
Bacteriomes
Oocyte
Chimera

Molecular Biology
Gene Editing
Jumping Genes
Transgenesis
Transposable Elements
Transposase
DNA Transposons
RNA Retrotransposons
Autonomous Transposons
Interspersed Nuclear Elements
Virus Plasmid Plastid
Phage-Plasmids
Retroviruses

CRISPR-Transposons
Human Alu Element
Sleeping Beauty

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Candidatus
Nycteribiidae
Arsenophonus
Hippoboscoidea
Streblidae
Streblids

Candidatus Fukatsuia Symbiotica

Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemohominis

Candidatus Aschnera Chinzeii

Nycteribiid Bat Flies

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Vertical vs. Horizontal Transmission:

Endosymbionts are typically transmitted vertically (parent to offspring), whereas pathogens or genetic elements (plasmids) often move horizontally.

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Mechanism: "Copy-and-paste." The DNA is first transcribed into an RNA intermediate, then reverse-transcribed back into DNA, which is then inserted into a new location.

Alu elements (a type of SINE) in humans, which are the most numerous transposable elements in the human genome (~1 million copies), depend on LINE-1 machinery.

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Sleeping Beauty (SB)
Transposase mRNA

Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase can be delivered via mRNA to efficiently engineer immortalized insect cell lines, enabling stable genetic modification and transposon-based mutagenesis.

Mechanism: The SB system operates via a "cut-and-paste" mechanism, inserting DNA sequences into TA dinucleotides in the genome.

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The combination of RNA-based tools, Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase, and the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) in immortalized insect cells acts as a sophisticated, scalable "nanofactory". This system efficiently generates stable cell lines to produce complex proteins, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, facilitating precise folding and self-assembly into viral-like particles (VLPs) for vaccines.