Glutamine acts as a critical inter-organ nitrogen carrier and a key regulator of pH, playing a vital role in acid-base homeostasis through renal ammoniagenesis. In acidosis, the kidneys increase glutamine uptake and metabolism to produce ammonia (
), which excretes excess acid (
) as ammonium (
) in urine.

National Institutes of Health (.gov)
+2
Key Aspects of Glutamine in Homeostasis:
Nitrogen Transport: Glutamine transports nitrogen between tissues safely, serving as a non-toxic carrier of amino groups.
Renal Acid Defense: The kidney is the primary site for metabolic regulation of acid-base balance. During metabolic acidosis, glutamine is converted into glutamate and
(ammoniagenesis), releasing bicarbonate (
) into the bloodstream to buffer acids.
Hepatic Regulation: The liver switches nitrogen metabolism during acidosis from urea synthesis to producing glutamine, reducing proton-producing urea synthesis and supporting kidney function.
Brain Protection: Glutamine synthesis in astrocytes helps detoxify ammonia in the brain and maintains glutamate homeostasis, protecting against excitotoxicity.
Metabolic Role: Beyond acid-base, it is a crucial substrate for cellular energy (nucleotide synthesis, antioxidants).

Nitrides are a diverse class of binary compounds where nitrogen (oxidation state

-3negative 3

−3

) is combined with a less electronegative element, such as metals, boron, or silicon.

Heat Sensitivity: Glutamine is sensitive to heat and is generally stable only up to about 120°F (49°C). Since a standard cup of hot coffee is typically served at 160°F–185°F, it can degrade the supplement.

..

Glutamine Metabolism and Ammoniagenesis
In response to metabolic acidosis, the renal proximal tubule increases the uptake and metabolism of glutamine.

ScienceDirect.com
+1
Process: Glutamine is metabolized in the mitochondria to produce ammonium (
) and alpha-ketoglutarate, which is further metabolized to generate new bicarbonate.
Ammoniagenesis: This process creates ammonium (
), which is secreted into the tubular fluid and excreted in the urine, effectively removing hydrogen ions (
) from the body.
Bicarbonate Generation: The newly formed bicarbonate is released into the renal vein and returned to the systemic circulation to buffer metabolic acids.

Calcium (

Ca2+

𝐶𝑎2+

) and pH Interaction

Calcium plays a role in regulating the metabolic pathways involved in acid-base balance.

Metabolic Regulation:

Ca2+

Ca2+

stimulates gluconeogenesis from glutamine and other substrates.Impact of Acidosis: In the absence of

Ca2+

Ca2+

, acidosis stimulates gluconeogenesis from glutamine. However, when

Ca2+

Ca2+

concentrations are high (

1.0\text{\ mM}" draggable="false" role="presentation" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-imglogged="true" style="max-height: 999999px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; height: 24.8009px; width: 75.9861px; left: 0px; top: 0px;">

1.0mM

1.0mM

), the stimulatory effect of acidosis on this process may disappear.Interaction with Transporters:

Ca2+

Ca2+

acts in conjunction with other electrolytes (like

Na+

Na+

) in proximal tubule transporters that are crucial for regulating acid-base balance.

..

A correct balance of electrolytes—specifically sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium—is crucial for nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance, with normal serum levels typically ranging from:

10 mg/dL (Calcium)
2 mg/dL (Magnesium)
140 mmol/L (Sodium)
5 mmol/L (Potassium)

..

Boiling neutralizes acidic water primarily by driving off dissolved carbon dioxide (
) gas, which forms weak carbonic acid in the water. As the water reaches its boiling point, the dissolved
is expelled as gas, reducing the acidity and raising the pH back to a neutral state.

Chemistry Stack Exchange
+3
Carbonic Acid Removal: Many acidic water scenarios involve
absorbed from the air (forming
), which lowers the pH. Boiling acts as a degassing mechanism, removing this acidifying agent.
Decarbonation: In cases of high temporary hardness, boiling helps drive off
, which in turn causes calcium carbonate to precipitate, further reducing acidity.
Temperature Effects on pH: While boiling removes acidity caused by dissolved gases, the act of heating water can temporarily alter the ionization of water, increasing
and
ions, but the water remains generally balanced at its new temperature.
Limitations: If the acidity is caused by non-volatile acids (acids that do not vaporize easily), boiling will not remove them and may actually concentrate them if a significant amount of water evaporates.
Re-absorption: If boiled water is left to cool in open air, it may re-absorb
and become slightly acidic again.

Reddit
+6
In summary, boiling is effective for neutralizing water that is acidic due to dissolved
gas but is not a universal method for all types of acidity.

..

Calcium (
) acts as a crucial, highly versatile intracellular signal and second messenger that regulates hormones, steroids, and cholesterol metabolism through various mechanisms, including acting as a bridge between extracellular signals and intracellular responses. It functions by activating kinases, influencing enzymatic phosphorylation, and acting as a sensor for intracellular homeostasis.

..

Milk whey is a rich source of minerals, with 1 cup of fluid acid whey containing approximately 253 mg of calcium and 25 mg of magnesium. Dried sweet whey contains higher concentrations, around 1,154 mg of calcium and 255 mg of magnesium per cup. Whey protein isolates also provide significant minerals, roughly 600 mg of calcium and 200 mg of magnesium per 86g serving.

Bone broth is generally a poor source of calcium and magnesium, despite popular belief. A 1-cup serving typically provides only 1.5–55 mg of calcium (roughly 0.5–5% of the daily value) and minimal magnesium.

Comparison to Other Foods: Bone broth is not a substitute for dairy products or leafy greens for meeting daily calcium requirements.

..

Laminins are large heterotrimeric glycoproteins that serve as essential, cross-shaped structural scaffolds in all animal basement membranes. They are composed of three distinct polypeptide chains, and held together by disulfide bonds to form a "cruciform" (cross-shaped) structure.

Serving as a primary component of the endothelial basement membrane. It binds endothelial cells via integrins and links to a collagen IV network via nidogen, promoting vascular adhesion, migration, and differentiation.

Calcium Ions: is critical for the structural stability of the laminin N-terminal domains and the Laminin G-like domains, particularly at the C-terminus of the chain. The ions are involved in the calcium-dependent aggregation self-assembly of laminin into a network.

Elements: Nitrogen and Hydrogen form the peptide backbone and the amino acid side chains, particularly in the
-helical coiled-coil structure of the long arm, and are essential components of the covalent disulfide bonds.