Szent-Györgyi
Hydrogen Proton
Electron Donor
Reducing Agent
Redox
Reductive Stress
Thioredoxin (TRX)
A reducing sugar acts as a reducing agent (or electron donor) because it can donate electrons (and often a proton, as part of a hydrogen atom) to another molecule, thereby reducing that molecule while it itself becomes oxidized. This ability stems from the presence of a free aldehyde or ketone functional group in its structure.
..
Thioredoxin System
Thioredoxin is a 12-kD oxidoreductase protein. Thioredoxin proteins also have a characteristic tertiary structure termed the thioredoxin fold. The active site contains a dithiols in a CXXC motif. These two cysteines are the key to the ability of thioredoxin to reduce other proteins.
..
Folate synthesis builds tetrahydrofolate (THF) from a pterin ring, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and glutamate, creating monoglutamates, which are then converted to polyglutamates (folate-Glu({}_{n})) by adding more glutamate residues via folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS), using ATP. These polyglutamated folates are the active cofactors for one-carbon transfer in essential metabolic pathways (like purine/thymidylate synthesis) and are crucial for cellular retention, with chain length regulated by FPGS and gamma-glutamyl hydrolases (GGH).
..
Folate
Leucovorin
Para-Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)
Chorismate
RE: Intercellular Homeostasis