Colestipol Hydrochloride
Bile Acid Sequestrants

Betaine / Thiamine HCL
Hydrochloric Acid

Cholic Acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid

Copper Peptide (GHK-Cu)
Methylene Blue

Carbonic Acid
Carbonic Anhydrase
Chloride

Hypochlorhydria
Achlorhydria

if your stomach acids are not strong enough causes many complex problems.

GOOD

Bile
Taurine
Butyrate
Hydrochloride
Stomach Acid

BAD

NMDA Overactivation
BMAA
B-Methylamino-L-Alanine

Diaminobutyric Acid (DAB)

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Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Produced by the stomach lining.

Creates an acidic environment (low pH) in the stomach.

Activates pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins.

Kills bacteria and pathogens that enter the body with food.

Bile

Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

An alkaline fluid containing bile acids (also called bile salts), bilirubin, cholesterol, and other substances.

Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach when released into the small intestine.

Emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to increase the surface area for lipase enzymes to act on them, facilitating digestion.

Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

Helps eliminate waste products from the body, including bilirubin.

Has bactericidal activity against microorganisms.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach is produced using chloride ions, which the body gets from dietary sources like table salt (sodium chloride).

When ingested, sodium chloride dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. The stomach lining cells then use these ions to produce HCl.

Chloride is an essential electrolyte, and it's a key component of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.

Table salt (sodium chloride) is a primary source of chloride for the body. When we consume salt, it breaks down into sodium and chloride ions.

Stomach Acid Production:

The parietal cells in the stomach lining use these chloride ions to produce HCl. These cells pump hydrogen ions (from carbonic acid) into the stomach, and chloride ions follow, creating HCl.

Functions of HCl:

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is vital for protein digestion and helps protect the body against ingested pathogens.

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Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid. Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase.

The bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl−) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood, leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon.

Potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) ions diffuse into the canaliculi.

Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H+/K+ ATPase. These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation. This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration. ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria.

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Hydrogen Bonding in Peptide Structure:

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds:

Hydrogen bonds within a peptide chain (between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amide hydrogen of another) are critical for defining the secondary structures of peptides.

Hydrogen bonds contribute significantly to the overall stability of the peptide and its ability to fold into specific shapes.

Peptides can use hydrogen bonds to bind to other molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metal ions, affecting their biological activity.

Peptides and hyaluronic acid are combined in skincare products to deliver both immediate and long-term hydration and skin-firming benefits.