OSF3 Niosomes
Ketogenesis
Ketone Bodies
Acetate
Citrate
Mitochondria
Acetoacetate
ketones produced from omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cognitive deterioration in old age.
Ketoacidosis is known to occur in untreated type I diabetes (see diabetic ketoacidosis) and in alcoholics after prolonged binge-drinking without intake of sufficient carbohydrates (see alcoholic ketoacidosis).
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Emulsify
Emulsification
Surfactant
Fats
Oil
Water
Salts
Broth
Emulsification in cooking refers to mixing oil and water-based liquids like broth, where the oil is dispersed into tiny droplets within the water, forming a stable mixture.
Broth:
In broth-based dishes, the fat released during cooking can emulsify with the water, creating a creamy or opaque texture.
Salt's Role:
While salt doesn't directly emulsify, it can influence the stability of an emulsion by affecting the interactions between the oil and water phases.
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Honey
Olive Oil
Lemon
Squeeze 3-4 lemons and place the juice in a glass jar. Add the honey and the olive oil, and with a wooden spoon mix the ingredients until a smooth blend is obtained. Keep the remedy in the fridge with a lid on the jar.
Pour the oil into a small saucepan and gently heat. Add the honey and slowly stir until the honey and oil are combined. Leave to cool, after which it will thicken. Give it a good whisk to transform it into a thick satiny syrup.
Caramelization of glucose, a chemical process involving sugar breakdown under heat, can impact polyphenol synthesis. This interaction is complex, with studies showing both enhancement and reduction of polyphenol-related reactions.
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Olive Oil
Olive Leaf
Oleuropein
Oleocanthal
monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA triglyceride glycerol
polyphenol phenol phenylethanoid phenethyl alcohol benzene secoiridoid glycoside hydroxytyrosol elenolic acid glucose glycolipid glucoside
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Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Relationship with Antioxidant Activity, Botanical Origin, and Color
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8614671/
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Peroxiredoxin, a family of enzymes, relies on a key cysteine residue within its active site for its catalytic activity. This cysteine, often referred to as the "peroxidatic cysteine," is crucial for reducing peroxides like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The active site cysteine undergoes oxidation by H2O2, forming a sulfenic acid, which is then recycled back to the thiol form, distinguishing the three enzyme classes.
Neutralization of Trace Metals:
During the refining of edible oils, citric acid can be added to neutralize trace metals that can catalyze oxidation reactions.
How Citric Acid and Citrus Essential Oils Combat Lipid Oxidation:
Citric Acid:
Citric acid, found in many citrus fruits, is a natural antioxidant that can scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid oxidation. It can also enhance the nutritional value of the oil.
Antioxidants:
Antioxidants are reducing agents that play a crucial role in preventing oxidation reactions, especially by neutralizing free radicals. In a redox reaction, antioxidants donate electrons to unstable free radicals, stabilizing them and preventing damage to other molecules. This process makes the antioxidant itself the reducing agent, as it is oxidized by donating electrons.
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Trihydroxy
Benzoic Acid
Alpha-Glucoside
Diglucosyl
Gallic Acid
Syringic Acid
Quercitannic Acid
Tannin
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringic_acid
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Caramelized Glucose
Glucose caramelization products (GCPs), can undergo polyphenol synthesis under specific conditions.
Caramelization can lead to the formation of compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity, often similar to that of polyphenols.
Caramelization products, especially those formed in the presence of amino compounds, can exhibit antioxidant activity, polyphenols and reductones as key components in these products.
While true polyphenols are not necessarily formed directly during caramelization, the resulting compounds often have similar properties to polyphenols, such as radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity against lipid oxidation.
Reductones are reducing agents (antioxidants). Some are fairly strong acids.
Examples of reductones are glucic acid, reductic acid and ascorbic acid.
Glucic acid is an acid produced by the action of acids on cane-sugar or of alkalis on glucose.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductone
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolic_acid
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucic_acid
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide
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N-Acetyl Cysteine and Catechin-Derived Polyphenols: A Path Toward Multi-Target Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease
Results: We found that EPIC-PYR, CAT-PYR, and CAT-PhG inhibit human tau aggregation and significantly increase neuritogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, modification with a phloroglucinol group yielded the most potent molecule of those evaluated, suggesting that the phloroglucinol group may enhance neuroprotective activity of the catechin-derived compounds. Also, as observed with cathechins, NAC promotes neuritogenesis and inhibits tau self-aggregation, possibly through a different pathway.
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Potent Thrombolytic Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Arterial Thrombi
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.117.027290
Impact on Von Willebrand Factor (VWF): Research suggests NAC can affect VWF, a protein involved in platelet aggregation and blood clot formation. By reducing VWF's ability to bind platelets, NAC may help prevent clots.
A Heterocycle is a cyclic compound (ring structure) where some of the atoms in the ring are not carbon. Combining NAC with polyphenols to form heterocycles can potentially enhance their individual benefits by creating new molecules with unique properties.
Some studies suggest that glycolic acid can enhance the antioxidant activity of certain polyphenols, potentially improving their effectiveness when combined in skincare formulations.
Vitamin E and melatonin have been shown to have a synergistic effect with glycolic acid, potentially improving their antioxidant activity and protection against liposome peroxidation.
Salicylic acid is a colorless (or white), bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
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has to be broken up almost at the atomic level, the Reducing Agents do one thing, but its also the Benzene Rings of the Polyphenol that seem to act as atomistic fish hooks & Reducing Agents the bait to the radical misfolding.
and somehow the Sulfur gets the fish hooks into the deep waters.
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Strong acids induce amyloid fibril formation of β2-microglobulin via an anion-binding mechanism
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8564678/
anions in promoting fibril formation of amyloid protein
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Oxidative
Strong Acids
Anion
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
vs
Antioxidant
Cations
Cation-π
Polyphenol
Cation-π interactions are noncovalent attractive forces between a positively charged entity (cation) and the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring. In the context of cation-π interactions and chloride, the interaction between a cation (e.g., Na+, K+) and a chloride ion (Cl-) is driven by the attraction of the positive charge of the cation to the negative charge of the chloride ion.
Cation-π interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction between a cation and a π system (a system of shared electrons, often found in aromatic molecules).
Antioxidants often interact with metal ions (cations) in their mechanisms, for example, some antioxidants can bind to metal ions and prevent them from participating in free radical reactions.
Cations are positively charged ions, such as Na+, K+, and Mg2+.
Na+, K+, and Mg2+ salts are compounds containing sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions, respectively, paired with a counterion (like chloride, sulfate, etc.) to form a neutral compound.
Cation-π interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction where a positively charged cation (like an alkali metal ion or an organic cation) interacts with the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring.
π-electron cloud:
Aromatic rings, like benzene, have delocalized electrons that form a cloud above and below the ring, which can interact with other molecules.
In biological systems:
Cation-π interactions play a role in protein folding, channel blocking, and biomolecular condensates.
Chloride ion (Cl-):
A negatively charged ion, it's one of the main anions in body fluids and plays a role in maintaining electrolytic balance and nerve function.
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Cation Metals +
Chloride Acids -
Sodium Chloride (NaCl, common table salt).
Potassium Chloride (KCl).
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
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Weak & Strong Acids
vs
Soft & Hard Acids
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Cation–π Interaction
Origin of the effect
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation%E2%80%93%CF%80_interaction
Benzene, the model π system, has no permanent dipole moment, as the contributions of the weakly polar carbon–hydrogen bonds cancel due to molecular symmetry. However, the electron-rich π system above and below the benzene ring hosts a partial negative charge. A counterbalancing positive charge is associated with the plane of the benzene atoms, resulting in an electric quadrupole (a pair of dipoles, aligned like a parallelogram so there is no net molecular dipole moment). The negatively charged region of the quadrupole can then interact favorably with positively charged species; a particularly strong effect is observed with cations of high charge density.
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Progressive fuzzy cation-π assembly of biological catecholamines
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aat7457
Tannic acid- and N-acetylcysteine-chitosan-modified magnetic nanoparticles reduce hepatic oxidative stress in
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927776524000493
RE: Intercellular Homeostasis