@mikewick77: Regeneration

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) solutions, like Acetadote, typically have a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. This range ensures the solution is neither too acidic nor too alkaline.

Researchers discover intake of FDA-approved drug modulates disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease model

https://medicine.iu.edu/news/2022/03/niacin-alzheimers-research

Niacin, a B vitamin, has shown promise in modulating microglial response and potentially attenuating amyloid-induced pathology in models of Alzheimer's disease, particularly through the activation of the niacin receptor HCAR2.

Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs):

In patients with serotonin-producing NETs, tryptophan and niacin can be deficient, as the tumors can divert tryptophan metabolism towards serotonin production.

Carcinoid Syndrome:

When NETs, particularly those in the gastrointestinal tract, release hormones like serotonin, they can cause carcinoid syndrome.

Carcinoid Heart Disease:

High levels of serotonin can also contribute to carcinoid heart disease, a condition characterized by fibrosis (scarring) of the heart valves, particularly on the right side of the heart.

5-HT & 5-HIAA

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) is the primary metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter and hormone.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is a waste product in the urine that measures the body's serotonin levels. It's used to diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumors, a type of neuroendocrine tumor. 5-HIAA levels can also indicate other conditions, such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and autism spectrum disorder.

5-HIAA a biomarker for inborn errors of metabolism, diseases of malabsorption, and psychiatric conditions.

An increase in brain 5-HT contents appears to have an important part in the therapeutic activity of Niacin. Neurochemical results show a vital role of Niacin by inhibiting MAOs and increasing 5-HT levels. Simultaneously, Niacin reduces redox status by decreasing oxidative stress marker and increasing antioxidant enzyme is also in favor of its protective effect for reducing anxiety and enhancing exploratory activity. In-silico studies also recommend that Niacin instigated increase in 5-HT levels probably due to binding of Niacin with MAOs.