Phosphorylation
Glycosylation Osmolyte Methylation
Osmolyte

Osmolylation

Phosphorylated
Amino-Acids:

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Histidine

SV40
Polyomavirus
Bone
Brain
Astrocytes
Mesothelial Cells
Cellular Oncogenes
Bone remodeling
Bone Gomeostasis
Hexamer Protein
Dominant-Acting Oncoprotein
Retinoblastoma pRB
p53

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40_large_T_antigen

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_ribonuclease_family

Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-020-00134-w

Protein mimetic amyloid inhibitor potently abrogates cancer-associated mutant p53 aggregation and restores tumor suppressor function

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23985-1

..

We produced transgenic mice by introducing a fusion gene (ST) comprising of the promoter for human serum amyloid P component (SAP) and the coding region of the simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (Tag). The ST transgenic mice developed hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC).

SV40 large T antigen (Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 TAg) is a hexamer protein that is a dominant-acting oncoprotein derived from the polyomavirus SV40.

The transforming activity of TAg is due in large part to its perturbation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) and p53 tumor suppressor proteins.

Many of the DBD mutations, including the commonly occurring R248W/Q, R273C/H, and R175H10, involve replacing the cationic arginine, a so-called “gate-keeper” amino acid that prevents protein aggregation via the repulsive effect of its charge, with residues (tryptophan, glutamine, cysteine, or histidine) that have a high aggregation amyloidogenic potential.

The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, tyrosine, and histidine.

Agmatine is a cationic amine formed by decarboxylation of L-arginine by the mitochondrial enzyme arginine decarboxylase (ADC).

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Cationic Arginine
Gate-Keeper

L-Arginine
L-Citrulline

Neuroprotective Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs)

Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): A Novel Class of Neuroprotective Agents With a Multimodal Mechanism of Action

Arginine and Arginine-Rich Peptides as Modulators of Protein Aggregation and Cytotoxicity Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8581540/

Arginine: Its pKa value revisited

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420524/

Osmolyte-Induced Folding and Stability of Proteins: Concepts and Characterization

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7393045/

Arginine, lysine, and histidine are also known as common non-compatible osmolytes.

The unusual ability of the arginine side chain to retain its charge under all physiological conditions is not well understood. It is especially perplexing that an arginine remains cationic even when buried in the nonpolar hydrophobic core of a folded protein.

Some osmolytes are found to induce protein aggregation, and others inhibit aggregation of the same protein. For example, glycine and betaine aggregate RNase A while arginine suppresses aggregation.

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Glucose > Glutamate
Glutamine > Citrulline > Arginine
Carbamoyl Phosphate

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate

Interorgan amino acid exchange in humans: consequences for arginine and citrulline metabolism

https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(23)27881-8/fulltext

Interrelationships between glutamine and citrulline metabolism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712452/

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Glutamine is a precursor of ornithine, which can be converted to citrulline by the intestine; citrulline is transformed in the kidneys to arginine.

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Tunable multiphase dynamics of arginine and lysine liquid condensates

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18224-y

Biological importance of arginine: A comprehensive review of the roles in structure, disorder, and functionality of peptides and proteins

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813023055459

Arginine and the Hofmeister Series: The Role of Ion-Ion Interactions in Protein Aggregation Suppression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110691/

L-Arginine hydrochloride increases the solubility of folded and unfolded recombinant plasminogen activator rPA

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pro.465

Arginine Is Synthesized From Proline, Not Glutamate, in Enterally Fed Human Preterm Neonates

https://www.nature.com/articles/pr9201110

The Multifaceted Roles of Proline in Cell Behavior

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397452/

Arginine and Proline Metabolism

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine_and_proline_metabolism

Asymmetric Dimethylarginine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylarginine

Arginine Signaling and Cancer Metabolism

Tumor cell-derived asymmetric dimethylarginine regulates macrophage functions and polarization

https://cancerci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12935-022-02769-7

NMDA Receptor

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia