https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineral

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_clay

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminosilicate

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_group

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palygorskite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lye

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence

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Zeolite is produced synthetically. Typical procedures entail heating aqueous solutions of alumina and silica with sodium hydroxide.

Equivalent reagents include sodium aluminate and sodium silicate.

Further variations include the use of structure directing agents (SDA) such as quaternary ammonium cations.

Synthetic zeolites hold some key advantages over their natural analogues. The synthetic materials are manufactured in a uniform, phase-pure state. It is also possible to produce zeolite structures that do not appear in nature. Zeolite A is a well-known example. Since the principal raw materials used to manufacture zeolites are silica and alumina, which are among the most abundant mineral components on earth, the potential to supply zeolites is virtually unlimited.

Some of the more common mineral zeolites are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite, and stilbite

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Montmorillonite is a subclass of smectite, a 2:1 phyllosilicate mineral characterized as having greater than 50% octahedral charge; its cation exchange capacity (CEC) is due to isomorphous substitution of Mg for Al in the central alumina plane.

Often occurs intermixed with chlorite, muscovite, illite, cookeite, and kaolinite.

As most of the clays are made from minerals, they are highly biocompatible and have interesting biological properties. Due to disc-shaped and charged surfaces, clay interacts with a range of macromolecules such as drugs, protein, polymers, DNA, drug delivery, ect..

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Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called Iceland spar is used for optical purposes.

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Quinone, any member of a class of cyclic organic compounds containing two carbonyl groups.

Carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_ions

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_group

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_red

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrroloquinoline_quinone

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)

Cofactor (biochemistry)

cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized in an area of study called enzyme kinetics.