Macromolecules: Proteins, Polysaccharides, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

In this video I go over the properties and structures of the 4 main types of macromolecules (or very large molecules) that are found in all living organisms: proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids. The first 3 (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) are formed from smaller repeating units called monomers. On the other hand, lipids are not defined by any chemical structure and represent a broad group of organic compounds such as fats, phospholipids, and steroids. More terms and definitions are listed in the timestamps below.

Timestamps:

Macromolecules or very large molecules: 0:00
Table of 4 major macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids: 0:56
Specialized roles of macromolecules in cells: 3:44
Lipids are only class of macromolecules not made up of polymers (not composed of smaller repeating monomers): 4:08
Phospholipids or phosphatides are lipids with a hydrophilic head containing a phosphate and 2 hydrophobic tails derived from fatty acids: 4:21
Phospholipid forming cell membrane bilayer: 4:56
Lumen is inside space of a tubular structure: 5:30
Steroid is a lipid with four rings and is biologically active: 5:37
Cholestane steroid structure: 6:00
Membrane fluidity is the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane: 6:28
3 main structures of phospholipids: liposome, micelle, bilayer sheet: 7:09
Proteins are most diverse macromolecules. Nucleic acids handle hereditary information: 7:51
Antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) are Y-shaped proteins that attack foreign objects: 8:11
Antigen is unique molecule of the pathogen which the antibody recognizes: 8:35
Antibody-antigen binding site via lock and key theory: 9:16
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures of a hemoglobin protein: 9:56
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) contains iron and transports oxygen in the red blood cells: 12:32
Red blood cells (RBCs) or red cells or erythrocytes are main means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues: 12:42
Biomolecular structure is the folded, 3D shape formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA: 13:29
Protein complex is a group of 2 or more polypeptide chains and are form of quaternary structure: 14:02
4 main scales of molecular structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary: 14:37
Scaffold or support for the biomolecular structure arises from the hydrogen bonds at the secondary level: 14:47
Diagram of 4 levels of structure for proteins and nucleic acids: 15:14
Histones are proteins that act as spools for DNA to wrap around it forming structural units called nucleosomes: 17:10