such as that defined above, where the spin plane of the flywheel and the
precession axis are separate, has given rise to a number of interesting
observations, some of which it has been claimed would make Newton "turn in his
grave". It is the purpose of this paper to explain these observations and to
demonstrate that some of the hopes raised by the said observations, of the
realization of a linear force from a rotating system, are valid but that
Newton's laws remain substantially intact, the effect, as will be seen, being
the result of a more rigourous definition of mass than was hitherto. thought
necessary.
Mathematical Expression for the Precessing System
The problem of finding a mathematical expression for the
behaviour of the processing system described above is one of defining a
consistent frame of reference from which the forces and velocities can be
measured. To this end, I have chosen the axis and spin plane of the flywheel as
the origin of measurement of force and velocity. Thus the spin speed of the
flywheel is expressed in the conventional i.e.
radians per second, but the velocity of the flywheel through space is expressed
in metres per second. The importance of this becomes clear when it is realized
that the radius of precession measured to a point on the rim of the flywheel in
the precession plane is greater than the radius of precession at the axis of the
flywheel. Thus the velocity of a point on the rim of a stationary flywheel is
greater than the velocity of the axis of the flywheel. Thus in terms of these
velocities a point in the rim of a rotating flywheel can be said to accelerate
at a rate defined by (from Figure 2):
Figure 2.
This acceleration is in the direction of precession as the point
moves from a vertical position in line with the precession axis to a horizontal
position in line with the precession plane. It is counter to the direction of
precession as the point moves from the horizontal to the vertical position.
Now, the important point is that at both sides of the flywheel
in precession plane the velocity of the point relative to the precession axis is
greater than at the vertical position. If the rotation of the flywheel is
subtracted, this is perfectly valid since we are considering only the
acceleration as defined by the precession velocity.
The resultant of this effect is best appreciated by doing a
simple thought experiment or, if you prefer, by doing the actual experiment
described, on a record turntable. Imagine a flywheel constructed of a number of
hollow spokes each containing a measured mass. Now imagine the flywheel rotating
at a constant speed. At a point in its rotation a mass on side of the wheel is
displaced towards the axis. At the opposite side, at the same time, a mass is
displaced away from the axis. It can be seen that the Coriolis force from this
displacement is in the same direction on both sides and if the displacement is
equal the acceleration of the masses is equal, in the sense that one mass is
decelerated in the opposite direction to the other mass's acceleration.
The magnitude of acceleration is defined: sinR1 - R2 on one side and sinR1 + R2 on the other side, bearing in mind that the
actual vector of velocity is opposite on each side of the flywheel. In this
case, provided that no other force is applied to the masses (that is other than
the new centripetal force the masses now experience), the displacement so caused
will be returned to origin during the period 90° 180° later. The
system will then oscillate about its axis due to the imbalance. But if the axis
is allowed to displace in response to the said Coriolis force and the masses are
continually displaced in the manner described, but are allowed to return to
their original position, it can be seen that a total displacement of the axis of
the flywheel is achieved in direct response to the force applied to the said
masses but at right angles to the applied force. This occurs because, provided
the masses balance 90° after the impulse, the reaction takes place out of
phase.
Defining the Flywheel Process
In a real flywheel the process is slightly more complex.
Effectively, the acceleration between the precession plane and the precession
axis plane can be considered as an addition and subtraction to the centripetal
force on the mass points on the flywheel rim as defined by:
Since we are dealing with acceleration only M can be dispensed
with for the time being. Since there is no actual displacement of mass with
respect to the axis of the flywheel and we are dealing only with the apparent
acceleration caused by:
a giving a resultant V at right angles to a (Vr):
and
At it can be seen that a vertical is directly proportional to V
at the precession plane rim of the flywheel minus V at the axis of the flywheel,
provided that the velocities are measured as a vector through the plane of the
flywheel. It can be seen therefore a vertical is proportional to the angular
velocity of the precession and the spin velocity of the flywheel which defines
the of the acceleration between V at a point
on the rim of the flywheel vertical to the axis of precession to V at a point
horizontal to the plane of precession. Hence, if we use the following notation:
Spin velocity = spin of flywheel in rads/s = Precession radius at axis of flywheel=
pPrecession radius at rim of flywheel on the precession plane=
LPrecession velocity at rim of flywheel= ZPrecession velocity at axis of
flywheel= VRadius of flywheel= R
it can be seen that the vector
of velocity through the flywheel plane. So a
vertical (notation a) is:
N.B. for 90° rotation of
the flywheel. 2(1)
The force required is defined by:
being the resultant vector of force in the flywheel plane. This
vector is used to change the of the flywheel
and increases the resistance to the motion of the flywheel precession.
The equations can be simplified using flywheel and ' R1 and
R2 for the precesion, but in this form the "nuts and bolts" of the theory are
more readily seen.
It should also be noted that the conventional rotation of the
flywheel plane about its axis at right angles to an induced rotation about its
axis still takes place, and this results in any movement of the flywheel
following a path rotating about the axis of precession which, as can be seen
from the above equations, results in a constant angular velocity in a plane at
right angles to the applied force. Note that when the flywheel is under an
acceleration equal to:
it need not displace vertically for the force to balance, but
that if a is greater than any vertical acceleration (such as gravity) it must
displace in the path described. If it does not, then the force applied results
in a direct acceleration of the flywheel with the force F = Ma modified by:
the difference between F and F
being absorbed in the rotation of the flywheel just as before.
It should also be apparent that if R is greater than P then the
conventional precession rotation will result in a net downward force on the axis
of precession, and if R is less than P the precession rotation will result in a
net side force on the axis of precession which if restricted returns us to the
losses described in the discussion on restricted displacement above.
Use of these equations can predict the behaviour of all of the
observed phenomena described in Professor Laithwaite's "Engineer Through the
Looking Glass" and reveal a number of useful methods of exploiting the effects.
I should point out, of course, that these equations deal with an idealized
flywheel where all mass is on the rim and that for the real world the
acceleration is an integration between Z and V. A simplification is to define
the effective mass radius and calculate Z from the effective R. For instance,
for a flat disc flywheel effective, R would equal:
being the radius of the effective centre of mass at the
effective rim of the flywheel. Obviously for a very good flywheel where most of
the mass is on the rim, the basic equations are quite adequate and will give
results within a few percent of the measured values. If a test of accuracy of
these equations is desired, then the use of the flat disc flywheel with the
radius correction taken into account results in exact values although, as the
equations show, the efficiency of such a system in terms of force for mass is
pretty poor.
Working Systems
One system is described in the accompanying synopsis of my
patent and is, in terms of duty cycle, one of the most dramatic. However, its
efficiency is not great and the immense stresses caused in the structure from
wasted energy make it difficult to scale up to a more useful power.
The simplest system makes use of the displacement principle and
consists of a system such as the one described throughout the paper, driven in
the following manner. A limit is placed on the precession vertical to the
precession axis and means are provided to drive the precession through
approximately 90° around the precession axis. The resultant reaction moves
the system opposite to the direction of the flywheel during the driven portion
of precession. The force required to drive through the 90° is, of course,
equal to the mass of the flywheel times its acceleration plus:
is always through the plane of
the flywheel so that this force behaves as friction to the motor. The displaced
mass of the flywheel is, however, decelerated by the internal force, as
discussed earlier, giving the effect of the disappearance of the inertia of the
flywheel as soon as the 90 forward precession period is over. Thus the system
axis continues at the velocity attained in each pulse as a reaction to the mass
of the flywheel until the next pulse. It can be seen that the duty cycle of this
system depends on the force applied to the flywheel vertical to the precession
axis. Thus, if the force is gravity, the duty cycle will be poor but can be
improved by the use of a separate force on the flywheel vertical to the axis of
precession such as a powerful spring. This allows the system to operate at any
angle as well.
The forces on this system are very direct and thus the
efficiency is quite high despite the losses due to:
It should be noted that in this system R must equal P. otherwise
the precession axis would tend to wobble alarmingly and the losses would be
greatly increased.
Flywheel Apparatus
Scheme 1
The apparatus comprises a pair of flywheels (30a and 30b) each
rigidly mounted on a respective shaft (32a and 32b) so as to pivotably movable
in a vertical plane about a central point (34). It is preferred that the
distance (D) between the centre of the flywheel (30) and the central point (34)
be equal to the radius (R) of the flywheel. The shafts (32a and 32b) are each
journalled in bearings (36a and 36b) fixed to arms (38a and 38b), mounted by
pivot bearings (40) to a central tubular shaft (42). The tubular shaft (42) is
journalled in bearings (41) in a base frame (43). A stationary central shaft
(45) is secured to the base frame (43), and bearings (47) are provided between
it and the tubular shaft (42).
Means are provided for driving the flywheels in rotation. In
this embodiment, each flywheel (30a and 30b) is driven by a respective electric
motor (44a and 44b) via pulleys (46) and flexible (e.g. rubber) bands (48). The
motors (44) are secured to a beam (49) fixed to tubular shaft (42) to rotate
herewith.
Means are provided to rotate the central pivot bearings (42) so
that the flywheels (30) may be forcibly precessed. A critical aspect of the
invention is that these means for forcibly processing the flywheels must be
capable of rotating the assembly at a fixed speed irrespective of the forces
acting upon it, and most particularly it must not be possible to appreciably
accelerate the forced precesion. One suitable method for achieving this is shown
in the present embodiment, in which the tubular shaft (42) is driven in rotation
by a motor (52) via a substantial worm and pinion reduction transmission (54,
- which prevents back transmission of force.
Further, means are provided for rapidly displacing the flywheels
(30) downwards against their precession resultant at least one position in the
precession path. Such means may be, as shown in the present embodiment, a
cylindrical cam (58) acting on cam followers (60) on the arms (38), the cam (58)
being mounted on the stationary central shaft (45).
Preferably, the cam (58) has a profile (58a) which forces the
flywheels (30) down twice in each precession revolution at 0° and 180°
positions, and allows them to rise to a maximum height at 90° and 270°
positions. Alternatively, solenoids or other linear actuators may be used for
this purpose.
The precession resultant will hereinafter be referred to as the
precesion lift. Since the precession lift does not result in an equal and
opposite down force on the pivot (40), the cam (58) which accelerates the
flywheels (30) downwards experiences a precession reaction upwards. At the
bottom of the cam form (58a), the flywheels (30) are again swept upwards, with
the reaction-reduced precession lift resulting in a net linear force. This
action depends on the precession not being allowed to accelerate as the
flywheels are forced downwards.
The energy for the work done comes from the flywheel spin
inertia, and thus from the motors (44) or other means driving the flywheels. It
is necessary for this drive to be delivered in a manner which does not restrict
the vertical motion of the flywheels. The use of the rubber band (48) has teen
found to impose an acceptably small restriction on this motion in a small-scale
system. Other possible means of delivering drive would include flexible shafts,
and forming the flywheels with blades driven by gas jets.
It is believed that the efficiency of the system -
(linear force)/(power supplied) x 100%
is approximately 40%, disregarding mechanical losses in the
drive. ''EZKL'' - Energy zoned kinetic leverage: next generation propulsion system
Brandson Roy ThomsonFortune Ventures Inc.118
Emerald Grove DriveWINNIPEG, Manitoba R3J 1H2Canada
The Energy Zoned Kinetic Leverage (EZKL) propulsion system is
referred to as the next generation because its principles differ from all
presently used propulsion systems applied to transportation. These propulsion
force systems develop a force imposed with friction against an external medium
to cause a reaction that translates as a propulsion force or thrust. We are
familiar with these because they are the only ones manufactured for cars,
trucks, trains and aircraft.
This is the only form of system we have available at present
because the perspective of the engineered design of all systems is focused upon
the accepted concept that a "medium must be present to produce a propulsion
force by way of reaction". The reason this perspective is focused upon mediums,
is basically founded upon the acceptance that Sir Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion
must be applied verbatim, and it is interpreted that a medium is absolutely
necessary. The EZKL system's principles do not violate any of these laws of
motion in physics, rather this new propulsion force relies upon the
dependability of the second half of Newton's First Law of Motion "unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it", which subjects the
rigidity of all laws to conditional change.
The concept of converting rotary motion into linear motion
producing no reaction is not a new idea, but it is assumed to be impossible as
it appears to violate certain laws in physics, and its pursuit, up until now,
deemed to be foolhardy.
EZKL converts rotary motion into linear motion producing thrust
with no apparent external reaction. Internally manipulated masses cause
vibratory centripetal forces to be imposed upon each wheel's axle in a
controlled manner. This centripetal force is the same force that causes that
potent action termed as "vibration" which is usually viewed as a negative and
destructive element. A single wheel is "out of balance" and if rotated simply
oscillates around its centre of mass or balance (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Converting oscillating motion to linear motion
The first step is to convert this oscillating motion into linear
motion confined in two directions. Then, by joining two wheels to a common plane
with their axles parallel and causing the wheels to be turned symmetrically
opposite, all of these centripetal forces are regimented to impose these forces
in four equal directions. (Figure 2)
Figure 2
The forces imposed in the direction along the common plane
allows no movement along that direction, as they are neutralized by equal and
opposite forces produced from within each opposing wheel, but the forces imposed
perpendicular to the plane are imposed in an alternating manner and causes the
common plane to vibrate. A bias of the perpendicular centripetal forces imposed
is caused, and produces a continuous resultant force being imposed in a single
direction that affects the whole of the mass of the system, and causes the mass
of the system to be propelled and affects any mass to which it is attached.
The EZKL concept
If a six ounce mass is attached to a 2 1/2" arm, which is fixed
to an axle that is being turned at 1,000 revolutions per minute, it is observed
that the 6 ounce mass is attempting to pull the axles in that direction toward
the mass and is caused by centrifuge (Figure 3).
Figure 3
We determine the strength of that centripetal force imposed upon
the axle by first determining the mass velocity in feet per second:
ft/sec
and secondly the centripetal force in pounds using:
lb
Examining one EZKL wheel module and its components, we see
internally mounted a 1.25" pitch diameter sun gear which is held stationary by a
shaft protruding through its axle as the wheel is rotated (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Two like gears mounted on opposite sides of the sun gear inside
the wheel are bearings mounted to the wheel and caused to rotate two revolutions
for each wheel revolution, as they are meshed with the fixed sun gear (Figure 5:
"p"). A crankshaft throw located at the centre line of mesh of each planetary
gear causes the throw to continuously alter its distance from the centre of the
wheel axle. Thus, its velocity continuously accelerates and decelerates,
relative to the wheel axle centre, producing an inverted heart-shaped orbit
(Figure 5: throw "t", t-orbit "tO").
Attaching a free-swinging, pendulum-shaped planet mass to each
throw in which the centre of mass is equidistant to the centre of the planetary
gear axle, and causing the wheel to turn, allows the planet mass to describe a
concentric orbit path with a continuously changing degree of curve. This causes
the planet to describe a loop over the centre of the wheel's axle, causing the
wheel to be out of balance, and oscillate around its centre of mass (Figure 5:
planet path "pO").
Figure 5.
Relative to the centre of the wheel's axle (which will be
referred to as the common plane), it is observed that the velocity of the planet
is continuously accelerating and peaking at that furthest distance from the
wheel's axle, which position is referred to as the major arc peak. This produces
the greatest centripetal force upon the axle (Figure 6: v"M").
Upon passing the peak position of the major arc, the planet
velocity continuously decelerates relative to the axle centre until the crank
throw arrives at the "point" of its inverted heart-shaped orbit and the velocity
of the throw ceases momentarily as the planet describes the minor arc over the
wheel axle. This produces the lowest centripetal force imposed upon the axle in
the same direction as the major arc (Figure 6: v"m").
Figure 6.
Passing this "point", the throw causes the planet velocity to
return to the acceleration phase in the planet orbit, and begin to increase the
centripetal force strength that is imposed upon its axle.
Determining the velocity of the planet mass at that moment its
position is at the peak of the major arc, is accomplished in two steps:
- A spot is determined upon the inside of the wheel that
locates the centre of the planet mass, and its radius from the wheel's centre is
calculated as 2 1/2", assuming the wheel is turning at 1,000 rpm. We determine
the velocity of the spot as (equation):
ft/sec - The planetary gear is rotating at 2,000 rpm, and the radius
from the planetary axle to the centre of mass of the planet is 1 1/4".
Therefore, the planet is being carried past this "spot" at:
ft/sec
Therefore, the velocity of the planet mass at this position
relative to the axle, which is part of the common plane, is determined as:
= 21.8166 + 21.8166 = 43.6332
feet/second
The centripetal force imposed upon the axle or common plane at
this moment in time in the direction toward the six ounce planet mass, is
determined as:
lbs.
Determining the velocity of the planet mass at the peak of the
minor arc is calculated from the centre of the crank throw as it has come to
rest at the "point" of the throw orbit, but the planetary gear axle maintains a
uniform 1,000 rpm. As the radius from the throw centre to the planetary axle
centre is equal in length to the centre of the planet mass, it is determined
that the radius of the circle described by the planet around the throw would be
0.625 inches, and the velocity of the planet mass at the peak of the minor arc
is calculated as:
feet/second.
Therefore the centripetal force imposed upon the wheel's axle in
the direction of the planet mass at the peak of the minor arc is calculated at:
lbs.
Aggregating the forces for concurrent imposition
Therefore, the centripetal force imposed upon the wheel's axle
is continuously changing as its velocity continuously changes, and its strength
is dependent upon the planet location in its orbit, as its velocity is relative
to the axle centre. The total force imposed upon the axle by the major and minor
arc peak positions by the two planets at the same time aggregate to:
178.48651 + 2.7888 = 181.2 lbs
are imposed upon the common plane in one direction toward the
planet at the major arc position away from the common plane.
To allow continuance of centripetal force calculations of the
other arcs, two of these wheels are joined with parallel axles to a common plane
and turned symmetrically opposite, and allowing the major arc in each wheel to
impose their force at the same moment in a direction perpendicular to, and away
from, the common plane (Figure 7)
Figure 7: Four equal arc centrifugal
forces imposed in one direction away from the common plane
It is observed that the centripetal forces imposed in the
direction along the common plane are neutralized by equal and opposite like
forces produced from within each opposing wheel and prohibits each wheel axle
from movement along the direction of the common plane. Also, when each wheel
turns 90 degrees away from the peak of the major arc, each of the four planets
are turned 180 degrees, and describe four arcs which radii are all equal in
length as the axle of each planetary gear align their centres to the common
plane.
It is determined that the velocity of each of the planets in
this equal arc position are equal to each other, and that as each planet is
equal in mass size and weight (6 oz. each), by way of axiom, the centripetal
force transferred and imposed upon the common plane in their direction are equal
to each other.
The force produced by the major and minor arc of each wheel
causes the common plane to be propelled in that direction perpendicular to this
plane, and at I ,000 rpm, it was determined that each major arc imposed 178.48
lbs. and each minor arc 2.78 lbs. This totalled 181.26, and as two wheels are
imposing this force upon this plane, the common plane is propelled in this
direction with a force of 362.53 lbs., and is imposed over that length of time
each planet occupies this zone. Newton's Third Law of Motion indicates that the
four equal arcs imposing their centripetal force in the opposite direction to
the two major and two minor arcs, are aggregated and are equal and opposite with
a total force of 362.53 lbs. Therefore, each equal arc produces a centripetal
force of:
lbs.
The common plane is now in a state of vibration, as a force of
362 lbs is imposed alternately in opposing directions as a result of joining two
out-of-balance wheels at their axis, and converting their rotational oscillation
around the centre of their mass into a vibratory action in two directions only.
Obviously, this vibration would cause a two-wheel contraption to self-destruct.
Therefore, this vibratory action is neutralized by attaching two additional like
wheels to the common plane, with their rotation advanced 90 degrees, so that the
second pair are imposing their equal arc centripetal force at the same time the
first set of wheels are describing the two major and two minor arc centripetally
imposed forces. This neutralizes all forces in all directions affecting the
whole of the system's mass, and vibratory movement ceases (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
We observe the four wheels rotating symmetrically opposite, and
the system remains stationary as all internally imposed centripetal forces
affecting the whole of its mass are at present neutralized by equal and opposite
like and unlike forces.
Role of magnetic force
Located directly prior to the wheel's axle centre are two
plunger poles for each planet of a unique but powerful electromagnet between
which each planet passes in an alternating manner. These poles are referred to
as the planet trap, and when activated impress a magnetic force upon the planet
mass, causing its movement to cease prior to reaching the peak of the minor arc,
and converts its momentum into kinetic energy which is transferred to the
wheel's axle through the medium of the electromagnetic field. The kinetic force
imposed upon the axle is along that direction of the common plane where it is
neutralized by equal and opposite like forces produced from within the opposing
wheel (Figure 9).
Figure 9.
The magnetic force continues to be impressed upon the planet
mass as the wheel is rotated 90 degrees from that position of the peak of the
minor arc. The planetary gear has at this position been rotated 180 degrees, and
although the crank throw is in that position where the planet describes an equal
arc, it is prohibited from describing this equal arc because the centre line of
the planet mass is taken out of alignment to the planetary gear axle at the
throw of 105 degrees. Since this arc is not described, the normal centripetal
force of this equal arc is not produced nor imposed upon each axle. Therefore
only two of the four equal arc centripetal forces are imposed upon the common
plane (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
The captive planet is released when the throw reaches the peak
position of the equal arc, and as the wheel continues to rotate, the planetary
gear rotating at double the wheel rpm causes the throw to pull the planet with a
whip-like action, returning it to its planet orbit position prior to the major
arc peak position being reached. The new forces causing this whip-like action
are imposed in that direction along the common plane, where they are neutralized
by equal and opposite like forces produced at the same time by the opposing
wheel.
Prohibiting two equal arcs from being described reduces the
total centripetal force of 362.53 lbs. to 181.26 lbs being imposed in the
direction of the equal arcs perpendicular to the common plane. Therefore, a bias
of vibration is caused as the reinstated major arc is described and the minor
arc is described and trapped, producing an aggregated centripetal force of
362.53 lb imposed in their direction, and overcomes the opposing force of 181.26
lbs imposed at the same moment in the opposite direction (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Therefore, a resultant force of 181.26 lbs is caused and imposed
upon the common plane, in a single direction away from the common plane, in the
direction of the peak of the major arc at a frequency of four 181 lbs force
applications per revolution of the wheels.
At 1,000 rpm, there are 66 2/3 applications of 181 lbs force
strength imposed in one direction per second, causing the system to be propelled
with continuous acceleration. The magnet field must produce a shear force
sufficient to overcome the kinetic value produced at the peak of the minor arc
as its momentum is converted to kinetic energy and the strength of this kinetic
force is: (v = 5.454 ft./see relative to the common plane; m =.375)
lbs.
Experimental research has determined that the kinetic force is
overcome by doubled shear force. The shear force strength of the planet trap is
now developed to produce a range from 5 lbs to 40 lbs, utilizing a 12 volt
current supply to the magnet coils. The working prototype being developed at
personal expense measures 18" x 18" x 10", with a gross weight of 85 lbs. A 12
volt battery supplies the magnet coils and the prime force turning the wheels is
a 3/8" chuck rechargeable Mikita drill. This prototype is designed to operate in
the range of 500 to 1,500 rpm providing the availability of 40 lbs of thrust
being imposed 33 times per second, varying up to 400 lbs if thrust being imposed
100 times per second with instant reverse available.
EZKL advantages
The advantages of the EZKL system are noteworthy. These are
attractive for numerous applications. In the case of recreational boating these
are:
- Elimination of accidental injury from a propellor blade2.
Fuel consumption reduction reduces hydrocarbon emissions3. Noise pollution
is reduced due to lesser prime force required.
Similarly, advantages have been noted for helping manned gliders
remain airborne, new designs for air planing vehicles designed to exploit
continuous acceleration characteristics.
Suitability has been recognized for long-distance urban bus and
tractor trailer transportation, taking advantage of the 2 to 3,000 lb force
capability. Fuel consumption is expected to be reduced by approximately 70%.
Because the force can be instantly reversed, the vehicle could be pulled to a
stop without relying upon friction between the rubber tires and the road
surface, thereby increasing passenger and cargo safety, even on icy terrain.
The EZKL models
The photo to the left shows the simplified version built
specifically to demonstrate that a bias of the centripetal forces does in fact
produce a resultant linear propelling force converted from rotary motion. The
photo to the right shows the first working model for practical transportation
application.
The simplified version
The first working model for
practical transportation application.
2-wheel system
2-wheel system (1983) showed self-propulsion on foam, across
water; and (1989) to swing to one side only in a pendulum test.
Troller
Troller, 30 - 40 rpm, 60 lbs., self-contained with 12V battery.
Propelled author 200 on 10' aluminium canoe 200' (360 lbs. mass).
4-wheel pan
4-wheel pan (1988) built to observe interaction of the internal
masses during operation and to study the advance and retard of planet trapping
and release at varying rates of rotation. Weight: 45
lbs. The structuring of fluidic materials by crystals
Marcel J. Vogel, Ph.D.Jennet GroverBirthe
MadsenP.R.I.1725 Little Orchard Street CSAN JOSE, California
95125United States of America
This paper deals with the formation in fluidic materials of an
intermediate state which is given the term a "lyotropic mesophase system". This
system, once achieved, may be detected by means of melting point determination
under cross field polarized light and spectrophotometry, ultraviolet, visible
and infrared. We have further examined the water specimens with the Omega 5
Metatronics Machine, a modified radionic unit, and have been able to detect the
differences between:
A) different crystal shapes (i.e., 6-sided, 8-sided and
13-sided)B) crystals with and without a programC) projecting colour
through the Omega 5 to the fluidD) information transfer from one crystal to
another
Laboratory Equipment
- Perkin-Elmer Model 267 Infrared Spectrophotometer2. Cary
Model #15 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometer3. Fisher Surface Tensiomat
Model #214. BE-Vincent Machine for pH and rH measurements5. Fisher
Electrophotometer #116. Amber Conductivity Meter # 647. Zeiss Ultraphot
IIIB Microscope with Microspectrophotometric Attachment with Computer8.
Omega 5 Metatronics Machine (instrument designed to detect and measure fields
stored in crystals.
Industrial Unit
The industrial unit consists of a coil of stainless steel tubing
3/4" in diameter, 7 turns housed in a wooden box. In the center of the coil the
crystal is mounted in a replaceable mounting. The crystals that were used are
the following:
A) In the laboratory unit (large unit): - 6-sided double-terminated crystal 6 1/4" x 2 1/4" (15.875 x
5.7 cm)2. 8-sided double-terminated crystal 5 3/4" x 2" (14.6 x 5.1
cm)3. 13-sided double-terminated crystal 5 3/4" x 2" (14.6 x 5.1 cm)
B) In the Omega 5 unit: - 6-sided double-terminated crystal 4 1/4" x 1 3/4" (10.8 x
4.45 cm)5. 8-sided double-terminated crystal 4 1/2" x 1 1/2" (11.4 x 3.8 cm)
The fluids used are:
Water:a) Alhambra Purified Water for all distilled water
purposes, sodium-freeb) Tap waterc) Reverse Osmosis tap water
Wine:Varietal red and white wines
Experimental Procedure
1000 cc samples of the three waters listed above were obtained.
Each water was poured once around the large crystal in the industrial unit. The
crystal was cleared from any charge and program when it left the laboratory.
A sample of the processed water was collected (50 cc) in a
plastic vessel and another sample was taken for spectrophotometry in its plastic
cuvette.
The control runs were:
a) water samples as received with no treatment;b) water
samples run through industrial unit with crystals cleared;c) water samples
run through the industrial unit and projecting from the Omega 5 unit with the 6-
and 8-sided charged crystals;d) water samples run with the Omega 5 unit
turned "off"; and,e) water samples run with Omega 5 unit turned "on".
This series of runs establishes a set of base line measurements
which can be used for comparisons. Runs d) and e) are a repeat of b) and c) for
repeatability check.
Colour Experimentation
Next, we broadcast colours with the Omega 5 through both the 6 -
and 8-sided crystals. The colours chosen were: F. Red #25, H. Orange #23, J.
Yellow #12 L. Green #89, N. Blue #80, P. Purple #48, and R. Black Lite (4 watt
UV lamp).
Between each colour transmission, a run was made with the Omega
5 unit turned "off". The run numbers assigned to these procedures were the
following: G.,I.,K.,M.,O.,Q.,S..
The results of the Omega 5 readings from transmission of colour
projected and amplified via a charged 6-sided crystal to a 6-sided crystal in
the industrial unit which picks up a charge. The results measured one week after
the runs were completed, are shown in Figure 1. They indicate the energy level
stored in the water after treatment.
Figure 1. OM-5 readings 6 to 6
projection.
The following observations can made:
a. Red suppresses any field stored in the water.b. The
fields increase in each colour until we have a maximum at the UV or black light
region.c. The greatest effect is with the Alhambra Purified Water.d. The
next greatest effect is with Reverse Osmosis water.e. Energy can be
transferred to tap water by projecting purple or W.f. When the projection
was turned "off", the field decreased to 0 (zero).
This experiment offers a good indication that the fields which
crystals emit can be transferred to and stored by fluids, especially water.
The same procedures were then followed in the laboratory with
8-sided crystals being used in the industrial unit and the OM-5 machine. A
primary observation is an overall increase in the energy storage in the waters
and the very high capacity of the UV mode to store energy in tap water.
Many of the events did not come down to zero. We are studying
these results and feel that what may have happened is that there was a
"contamination" of the waters we used from the previous broadcasting in the 6
6 experiment.
Taking each of the water samples and doing an off-line test,
gave the following results. Freshly acquired, untreated samples (controls) gave
zero readings with the OM-5 instrument. When we broadcast purple #48 through the
8-sided crystal in the presence of these samples, the samples changed in value
from the broadcasting. We then erased the water samples with the bulk
demagnetizer and they all returned to their original values. These values are
listed below: (RO = reverse osmosis water sample)
Water controls:
ALH-
111
000
000
Untreated samples, OM-5 Readings
RO-
000
000
000
TAP-
000
000
000
ALH-
454
111
111
Broadcasting charged 8-sided
RO-
454
000
000
crystal with purple #48 for 10
TAP-
454
000
000
seconds and then measured.
ALH-
111
000
000
Demagnetized same sample sand
RO-
000
000
000
re-measured.
TAP-
000
000
000
In summary of our 8 8
projection (Figure 2): a. Alhambra Purified Water gave the strongest set of
stored fields. b. Greatest effect is with UV c. There was very little difference
between RO and tap water.
Figure 2. OM-5 readings 8 to 8
projection.
When projecting from a 8-sided to a 13-sided crystal in the
industrial unit, it was observed that there was a further shift away from the
baseline and that, surprisingly, Red (F) did not suppress as it did in the other
two sets of runs (Figure 3).
Figure 3. OM-5 readings 8 to 13
projection
Figure 3.
The dotted lines represent areas that we did not run as we ran
out of Alhambra water. The highest reading took place through the projection of
purple # 48 (P) to the water. Readings were high on all three samples.
Microspectrophotometry of the Water Samples
A Zonax attachment to the Zeiss Ultraphot IIIB Microscope gave
the ability to make transmission spectrophotometric readings of the water
samples. A typical reading can be found in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Typical spectroscopic
reading Reverse Osmosis, yellow #12, OM-5 projected water sample
From all the readings run on the samples, we took the following
areas of the spectra and plotted the changes we have noticed in the samples. At
all times we compared in the same graph the three samples of water - Alhambra
Purified water, reverse osmosis water and tap water. The wavelengths selected
for evaluation were:
440 510 610 690 (in nanometers)
and the transmittance plotted as a function of: a) change after
colour transmission and b) charge or no charge to crystal.
Figure 5. Transmittance values
obtained with 6-sided crystal
The graph in Figure 5 gives the transmittance values for the
four wavelengths as obtained with a 6-sided crystal. Note that tap water and the
RO water match. The Alhambra water is different. These graphs set the standard
for comparison to all subsequent work with the 6-sided crystal.
Figure 6. Transmittance values
obtained with 8-sided crystal
In Figure 6, transmittance values were obtained with a 8-sided
crystal. Here we find a very close matching of the three samples with a
deviation at 690 nm. This deviation was the same with the 6-sided crystal, with
a reversal absorbency at 690 nm for the Alhambra water. This is the standard of
comparison for the 8-sided crystal.
With the application of a 13-sided crystal, we find a similar
pattern, with the Alhambra water showing the highest value. The feeling is that
this change results from the bottled water picking up a charge as we progressed
in our experimentation. This is also true of the RO water which was in a
container.
The Omega 5 readings on the control waters were:
A
ALH-
111
000
000
RO-
000
000
000
TAP-
000
000
000
A- 8-sided samples -
ALH-
454
000
000
RO-
454
000
000
TAP-
454
000
000
A- 13-sided samples
ALH -
454
4.54
x 10
RO-
454
111
111
TAP-
454
000
000
Notice the large variation in the field in the in the control
water to start. This was not known at the start of the experiment as these
readings were all done one week after the series were run in the laboratory.
This can help to account for the variation of the samples at the start of the
experiment. As Fred Allan Wolf speaks about the Quantum Effect between humans
and matter, so too we are seeing this Quantum Effect between matter itself.
Spinning of Water Around The Crystal
This set of results is a control for the broadcast of colours
each of the crystals. What was done here was to spin 1000 cc of each of the
waters around the 6, 8 and 13-sided crystals. Each of these crystals was cleared
of any charge, as far as we knew at that time. In these graphs, we summarize the
effect of the 6, 8 and 13-sided crystals.
In the Alhambra Purified Water - B. the greatest deviation noted
was with 6-sided crystal. As we progressed to the 8 and 13-sided crystals, there
seemed to be an imprinting in the equipment from the first run. The same thing
occurs with reverse osmosis water - B. that is, a shift from 6 to 8 and 13-sided
crystals. There is a greater variation between the three waters at 690 nm.
With tap water, the same effect occurs. The dates of each sample
run are noted.
Figure 7. Transmittance values
obtained with 13-sided crystal
Figure 8. Effect of spinning 1000 cc
of water around 6-. 3- and 13-sided crystals
Figure 9. Imprinting in the
equipment from first spinning "run" with reverse osmosis water
Figure 10. Imprinting in the
equipment from first spinning "run" with tap water
Projecting colours
We next went to projecting colours from a remote unit, the Omega
5, through to a 6 and 8-sided crystal. These crystals were charged beforehand.
We then transmitted red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and ultraviolet.
Between each run, the Omega 5 was turned "off" and a blank run was made.
The 6 6 results on Alhambra
Purified water show that, when compared to the B control, the red (F) stands out
and the purple (P) and the yellow (J) stand out. These show the greatest
deviation from the normal.
The 8 8 results on Alhambra
Purified water indicate a significant drop in transmittance throughout the
visible spectra of all samples compared to the standard Alhambra curve. We feel
that this is an indication of a change in state in the water. With this
phenomenon appearing in 6 separate samples, this could not be due to chance nor
an accidental event. Red and orange showed the greatest deviation while green
was the lowest. When compared to the 6 6, the
same difference was noted.
The 8 13 series indicates
transmission values normalizing around the standard. The projection of blue (M)
and red (F) have increased absorbency, whereas yellow (J) shows a lowering of
value.
In summary, in treating Alhambra water with projected colours
through an 8-sided crystal, the most significant result was with the 8 8 projection giving an overall lowering of the absorbance
of the water. This meant that the sample became denser when compared to the
other samples.
Colour treatment with Reverse Osmosis and tap waters
For the 6 6 cycle, when
compared to the standard, all of the samples had lower absorbance than the
standard run except for orange (H). The major deviation lower was purple (P).
For the 8 8 run, a significant drop in
absorbance in all the values of transmission from red to purple. This was very
similar to the 8 8 run with Alhambra water. In
the 8 13, we are back to the same values as
with the standard, as with the Alhambra water.
The 6 6 colour treatment with
tap water indicates very little difference. noticed against standard. Purple (P)
is the only run which stands out in a lower value. For the 8 8, all values were significantly lower in absorbance than
the standard. This corresponded with the other two samples. This is consistent
all through the run. With 8 13, we are back to
the same absorbance as with the previous waters. It is surprising to measure
such consistency.
Figure 11. Projecting colours from
OM-5 6 to 6 on Alhambra water
Figure 12. Projecting colours from
OM-5 8 to 8 on Alhambra water
Figure 13. Projecting colours from
OM-5 8 to 13 on Alhambra water
Figure 14. Projecting colours from
OM-5 6 to 6 on reverse osmosis water
Figure 15, 16, 17. Projecting from
OM-5: 8 to 8 and 8 to 13 (reverse osmosis water) and. 8 to 8 on tap water
Figure 18, 19. pH and conductivity
measurements on 8 to 8 "runs" with colour projections, with lab model (left) and
with industrial unit (right)
In summary, in projecting 8 8
with the colours, there is a lowering of the absorbance in all three water
samples. This is not true in 6 6 or the 8
13 projections. The major source of influence
here is the crystal geometry (8-sided double-terminated to 8-sided double
terminated crystal). There is a real communication link which we have measured
by spectrophotometry.
pH and Conductivity Measurements
We measured the pH, conductivity and surface tension of each of
the water samples which we prepared. In the 8 8
colour run made with the small laboratory model projecting to an 8-sided
crystal, there were significant pH changes in the Alhambra water with no change
in the conductivity. There were large changes in conductivity in the tap and RO
waters with little change in pH. We cannot comment on this at present.
In the industrial unit colour runs, we see in the 8 8 a repeat of the pH changes with the Alhambra water when
projecting red (pH 6.0) and orange (pH 8.3). These units were in separate rooms,
a good 15-20 feet (6 to 8 m) apart. These were equally dramatic events with the
tap water and reverse osmosis waters in their changes in conductivity with
projected colour. Analysis and understanding will come from further
experimentation.
Summary and Conclusions
- Water can be modified in its conductivity and pH by spinning
the fluid around a crystal tuned to a particular chromatic frequency. - This frequency can be transmitted from one location to
another by using a matched pair of crystals. - Different groups of crystals produce significant variation in
the characteristics of the water treated by them. - The fields that are stored in the water by crystals can be
detected by Radionic type measurements. - These fields have a magnetic characteristic and can be erased
by an AC bulk eraser. - The fields stored in water by crystals and colour are capable
of doing useful work in purifying water and enhancing the flavour of wines,
beverages and foodstuffs. - The fields that are created in the water are a permanent part
of the system, unless deliberately erased. - Water may be boiled and not lose this
charge.
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